All about vocab.
What is the second law of thermodynamics?
Through energy conversions and reactions, some usable energy is converted into heat; the amount of usable energy in the universe decreases over time
pyruvate molecules enter the mitochondria...
Each pyruvate molecule loses 1 molecule of CO2. The leftover acetyl group combines with coenzyme A to form acetyl coenzyme A. 2 NADH produced (1 per pyruvate)
Net yield: 2ATP, 2NADH, 2 acetyl CoA, 2CO2
I convert CO2 from the air to glucose, which easily makes me one of the most important processes in nature. I include the 3 phases: CO2 uptake, carbon reduction, RuBP regeneration
the Calvin cycle
What process does this reaction correlate to and which reactant is reduced and which is oxidized?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O
Glucose is oxidized to oxygen (losses electrons) and oxygen is reduced to water (gains electrons)
1. Complex molecules are made from simpler substances 2. Large molecules are broken down into smaller ones
1. Anabolism, 2. Catabolism
How does ATP transfer energy and what type of process is it (endergonic or exergonic)?
It donates it’s 3rd phosphate group through an exergonic process
Light excites electrons in photosystem 2
electron transport chain (redox reactions) -> pigment absorbs photons -> electrons transferred to photosystem 1 -> excites electrons -> electron transport chain (redox reactions) -> converts NADP+ to NADPH -> NADPH and ATP released
I am used by desert plants in very dry environments. When it is cooler at night, I allow the stomata of the leaves open, letting CO2 diffuse in. CO2 combines with PEP and malate, which forms an acid that is stored in the vacuoles until needed. During the day, malate is released from the vacuoles and decarboxylated (aka, the Calvin cycle occurs during the day.)
- Temporal separation, all reactions take place is mesophyll cells
CAM photosynthetic pathway
Determine what process this reaction belongs to and finish the equation:
2 acetyl-CoA + 6 NAD+ + 2 FAD + 2 GDP + 4 H2O —>
Citric acid cycle
6 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 2 ATP + 4 CO2 + oxaloacetate
How are molecular switches regulated in the signal transduction pathway?
through the addition or removal of phosphate groups
Receptors that bind to a ligand and open a channel that allows specific ions to pass through
Ion-channel linked receptors
Glucose and oxygen are absorbed in order for cellular respiration to begin...
Glycolysis: glucose—a six-carbon sugar—undergoes a series of chemical transformations. In the end, it gets converted into two molecules of pyruvate, a three-carbon organic molecule. In these reactions, ATP is made, and NAD+ is converted to NADH
I have an electron transport chain, but oxygen is not the final accepter molecule. I only produce 2 ATP
anaerobic respiration
Determine what process this reaction belongs to and finish the equation:
12 H2O + 12 NADP+ + 18 ADP + 18 Pi + light and chlorophyll -->
Light-dependent reactions
6 O2 + 12 NADPH + 18 ATP
What type of receptor can a large hydrophilic ligand not bind to?
Intracellular receptor
when a ligand binds to this receptor, it breaks off into subunits which exchange GDP for GTP
G-protein linked receptors
6 molecules of CO2 enters the Calvin cycle and it combines with RuBP (5-carbon sugar), resulting in unstable intermediate that is immediately broken apart into 2PGA. 12 molecules of phosphoglycerate (PGA), a 3-carbon sugar produced.
CO2 reduction:
Energy of ATP and NADPH convert PGA to G3P. Through a series of reactions. G3P is rearranged into new RuBP molecules. For every 6CO2 fixed, 12 G3P are produced and 2 of these leave to form glucose. 10 G3P remain in the cycle
In this pathway, unique leaf anatomy allows carbon dioxide to concentrate in 'bundle sheath' cells around Rubisco. This pathway is designed to efficiently fix CO2 at low concentrations (aka limit photorespiration.)
- spatial separation of light dependent reaction and the Calvin cycle, requires more energy because of extra step
C4 photosynthetic pathway
Determine what process this reaction belongs to and finish the equation:
C6H12O6 (yeast) --->
Alcoholic fermentation
---> ethanol + 2CO2
Response is the last step of cell communication. What are the three main responses?
ion channels open or close, enzyme activity changes which leads to metabolic changes, specific genes activated or repressed which affects cell development and activity
What TWO models does this example follow: when an active site precisely fits a specific substrate and a change of shape can occur to improve the fit
the lock-and-key model and the induced fit model
Energy of ATP and NADPH convert PGA to G3P through a series of reactions. G3P is rearranged into new RuBP molecules. For every 6CO2 fixed, 12 G3P are produced and 2 of these leave to form glucose. 10 G3P remain in the cycle...
RuBP Regeneration: 10 molecules of G3P rearrange to 6 molecules of ribulose phosphate, these 6 molecules are phosphorylated to form 6 RuBP. Now the cycle can repeat!
I go through glycolysis, but it is followed by reduction of pyruvate to lactate instead of entering the mitochondria. I don't have an electron transport chain and I do not produce CO2
lactate fermentation
What is the net chemical reaction for the Calvin cycle?
3 CO2 + 6 NADPH + 6 H+ + 9 ATP → G3P + 6 NADP+ + 9 ADP + 3 H2O + 8 Pi (Pi = inorganic phosphate)
What are the advantages and disadvantages of C4 photosynthesis?
Advantages: PEP carboxylase does not react with O2 and there is an increased concentration of CO2
Disadvantages: higher energy (ATP) demands