Exam 1 Review

Cells/Chemical Composition

100

What are the two types of reactions? 

Endergonic; absorb more energy

Exergonic; release more energy than they store

200

Where do we create translate proteins in the cell? 

Ribsomes

300

What is a free radical? 

Explain the effects: 

–An atom or molecule with an unpaired electron in the outermost shell

–Unstable and destructive to nearby molecules (e.g., proteins, protein transporters); disrupts homeostasis

400

Explain differences between transporters on plasma membrane: 

Further, explain the plasma membrane functions: 

–Carrier (transporter): After binding with the molecule the protein changes shape, resulting in the transport of glucose across the membrane into the cell

–Receptors serve as cellular recognition sites: –Each type of receptor recognizes and is bound by a specific molecule (ligand)

–Enzymes catalyze specific chemical reactions

–1) anchor proteins (via linkers) in the plasma membranes of neighboring cells or to protein filaments inside and outside the cell; –enable a cell to recognize other cells of the same kind during tissue formation or to recognize dangerous foreign cells (cell-identity markers)

500

List types of organelles and functions: 

–Ribosomes; translates proteins; protein synthesis 

–Endoplasmic reticulum: rough: Protein synthesis where they are chemically modified; Produces secretory, membrane, and organellar proteins. Smooth: lipid synthesis

–Golgi complex: Further modifies proteins; packaging of materials for secretion from the cell

–Mitochondria: Site of aerobic cell respiration- ATP production

–Lysosomes: Contain enzymes to digest ingested material or damaged tissue

peroxisomes: helps metabolize amino acids and fatty acids

proteasomes: Site of the destruction of old or damaged proteins

–Cytoskeleton: structure/stability of cell 

Nucleus: houses DNA

Energy Metabolism 1

100

What are the functions of enzymes? 

List 3 examples that were mentioned in the lectures. 

Protein molecules Accelerate chemical reactions

ATPase 

Creatine Kinase

Hexokinase 

PFK

200

What are the differences between saturated and unsaturated fatty acid? 

Saturated: contains no double bonds and maximum hydrogens

Unsaturated: have at least one double bond and fewer than the maximum number of hydrogens

300

Explain Enzyme Properties

–Highly specific; Characteristic three-dimensional shape that fits only its substrate(s); –Very efficient

–Catalyze reactions 100 million – 10 billion times faster

–Process more that 10,000 substrate molecules in 1 second

400

Explain Enzyme Models: 

–Substrate: reactant in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction; binds to the active site

–Lock and Key model: Specific binding sites for substrates’ “perfect fit”–Ligands

–Induced-fit model: Active site and substrate don't fit perfectly together; so shape is altered to connect.

500

What is the purpose of the Krebs Cycle?

Products produced? 

–Make ATP by removing Hydrogen electrons from acetyl groups and attaching them to NADH and FADH to feed the ETC to make ATP

3 NADH

1 FADH2

1 ATP

2 CO2 : 1 SPIN of the cycle

Energy Metabolism 2

100

What is the starting molecule of the Krebs Cycle? 

Acetyl CoA

200

List the fates of pyruvate

Converted into Acetyl CoA: aerobic glycolysis 

Converted into lactate: anaerobic glycolysis

300

Place the following steps of the cellular respiration of lipids in the correct order:

Where in the cell do these steps occur? 

Lipolysis (Cytoplasm): glycerol and FA

B-Oxidation (Mito): breaking down a long-chain acyl-CoA molecule to acetyl-CoA molecules.

CAC (Mito)

ETC (Mito)

400

What are the products of glycolysis? 

Rate limiting enzyme? 

2 NADH 

2 ATP

PFK

500

What is the purpose of the ETC? What is the protein complex where we generate ATP?

–NADH and FADH2 are energy-rich molecules, and when transferred to O2 (last electron acceptor), a large amount of that energy is liberated; 

–Electrons are transferred by cytochromes and ubiquinone proteins, and lose energy as they are passed down the chain; generates a protonmotive force; this force energizes ATP synthase (Complex V)

–Part of this energy is captured to produce ATP and part is lost at heat

Physiology / Energy Systems

100

Ingested nutrients enter the bloodstream from GI tract to provide energy for the body.

What is the main hormone involved? 

Functions of glucagon? 

–Absorptive state

Insulin

Glycogen breakdown, lipolysis, protein breakdown, gluconeogenesis

200

What are the characteristics of anaerobic glycolysis? 

insufficient O2

usage of Type II fibers 

Highly intense Movements

Quick bursts of energy

300

List the four types of tissue and functions:

–Epithelial: Covers body surfaces, –Lines hollow organs and ducts, Forms glands; 

–1) physical barrier for projection against harmful agents

–2) secretes substances onto the body, organs, or blood

–3) absorbs materials into bloodstream or lymph

–Connective; contains ECM and cells; 

–Binds tissues together, Supports, –Strengthens, Protects, and insulates internal organ, –Major transport system within the body

–Muscle; produces movement 

–Nervous: –Detects and responds to changes in the body's external and internal environment

400

List Cells in connective Tissue

–Fibroblasts: most numerous; secrete  fiber of EM

–Macrophages: –Engulf bacteria and cellular debris

–Plasma Cells: Secrete antibodies

–Mast Cells: –Produce histamine, vasodilation

–Adipocytes: Fat cells that store triglycerides

500

List the functions/ major enzymes of energy systems

ATP-PCr; CK, Pi

Glycolysis; hexokinase, PFK

OXPHOS; protein transporters to carry electrons to generate a protonmotive force, enabling production of ATP via ATP synthase

Physiology

100

–Basic structural and functional units of an organism

–Smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions

two or more atoms joined together

Composed of 2 or more types of tissues

Cell

Atom

Molecule

Organ

200

How can we maintain our homeostasis? 

fuel sources, removal of CO2, maintaining optimal temperature, 

300

What are the 6 life processes and explain each?

–

–Metabolism; Catabolism: –the breakdown of complex chemical substances (lipids) into simpler components (triaclglycerides).

–Anabolism: –the formation of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components.

–Responsiveness; ability to detect and respond to internal and external environmental changes. 

–Movement; motion

–Growth

–Differentiation; protein function

–Reproduction

400

Explain the Feedback system

Receptor: –Monitors change in a controlled variable and sends input to a control center (AP)

Control Center: Set point for variable

–Receives input from the receptor and generates output (AP, Hormones)

Effector: Response or effect that changes the control variable

500

List the 12 systems of the body; list functions for at least 6.

Nervous System; generates AP to regulate body activities

Muscular; produces body movements

Skeletal; supports and protects the body

Endocrine; regulates body activities by releasing hormones

Cardiovascular; pumps blood through blood vessels; carries oxygen and nutrients to cells

Immune; defends body against microbes

Lymphatic 

Integumentary 

Respiratory - transfers O2 from inhaled air to blood and removes CO2, maintains pH

Urinary

Digestive 

Reproductive