Topic 2- Chemistry
What are the three subatomic particles of an atom, their charge, mass, and location in the atom?
Electron- negative charge, no mass, orbitals surrounding nucleus
Proton- positive charge, mass of 1, in nucleus
Neutron- no charge, mass of 1, in nucleus
What is the difference between a dehydration synthesis and a hydrolysis reaction?
Water is taken out in a dehydration synthesis to form a bond. Water is added in a hydrolysis reaction to break a bond.
What are the differences and similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles. prokaryotic cells do not have membrane-bound organelles and are always a part of unicellular organisms. Both types of cells have the same organelles.
What are the components of the cell membrane?
hydrophobic fatty acid tails and hydrophilic phosphate heads
What is metabolism and its two main pathways?
Metabolism is a collection of chemical reactions in a cell. Catabolic is the breakdown of molecules releasing energy and anabolic is the synthesis of molecules requiring energy
What is an isotope and how are they useful?
An isotope is an atom of an element with a different amount of neutrons, but the same number of protons and electrons. Isotopes are used in radioactive labeling and carbon-dating
What are the main macromolecules and their monomers, bonds, and functions?
Carbohydrates- CH chains or rings, glycosidic bonds, fuel and building material
Proteins- amino acids, peptide bonds, hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridge, enzymes, storage, receptors, etc.
Nucleic Acids- nitrogenous bases, phosphodiester bonds, hydrogen bonds, DNA, RNA, store and transmit genetic information
Lipids- fatty acid, glycerol, ester linkage, store energy, create membranes
Compare and contrast plant and animal cells and explain the importance.
Differences- cell wall (structure), chloroplasts (photosynthesis), large central vacuole (storage)
similarities- ribosomes, ER, plasma membrane, Golgi, nucleus
What factors that affect membrane fluidity and how?
unsaturated vs saturated fats, embedded membrane proteins, membrane selectivity, diffusion & transport
What is the difference between kinetic and potential energy?
Kinetic is energy in movement. potential is the energy stored.
What are the three types of chemical bonds (how and why they form)?
Ionic- the donation/acceptance of an electron, creating an anion (-) and a cation (+); the exchange of the electron creates two stable ions
Covalent- the equal or unequal share of electrons to have stability; Based on the difference in electronegativity, the bond is either polar or nonpolar
Hydrogen- electrostatic attraction between slightly positive hydrogen ions and slightly negative ions
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in terms of structure and function?
Saturated fatty acids only have single bonds which allow them to stack tightly and be solid at room temperature. Unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds which give a kink in structure which means they can't stack tightly and are liquid at room temperature.
What is the Endosymbiont theory and the 4 main pieces of evidence?
A prokaryote engulfed an aerobic bacterium which reproduced to what is now a eukaryote.
1. mitochondria/chloroplasts- its own dna
2. double membranes
3. mitochondria/chloroplasts- own ribosomes
4. reproduce independently
What are the types of proteins found in the cell membrane?
Transport- diffusion, active, passive
Enzymatic- catalyzing reactions
Signal Transduction- pathways, secondary messenger
Cell-cell recognition
Explain how enzymes affect a chemical reaction.
Enzymes lower the activation energy so the reactions proceed quicker.
What are the five properties of water, how do they work, and why are they essential?
Density- transient hydrogen bonds; ice floats on water allowing aquatic life to survive in the cold
Adhesion & Cohesion- surface tension (floating) and water flowing upwards in a tree
High heat capacity- temperature regulation
Solvent of Life- making solutions, transporting nutrients in the body, cleaning
What is the construction of a protein from primary to quaternary structure?
primary- linear, peptide bonds
secondary- alpha helix, beta sheets, hydrogen bonds
tertiary- folding, hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges
quaternary- subunit complex, hydrogen bonds
What are the structures and function of the cellular structures?
nucleus, ribosomes, rough er, smooth er, golgi, lysosome, vacuoles, cytoskeleton, cell membrane, cell wall, chloroplast, mitochondria
What are the factors that affects a molecule's ability to enter a cell and how are these dealt with?
polarity, chemical gradient, electrical gradient, cotransporter, size
Describe what factors affect enzyme reactions and how.
pH, temperature, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, and inhibitors
How does change in pH affect protein structure?
pH is the measure of hydrogen ion concentration in a solution. With more hydrogen ions, there is a lower pH and a greater chance for the hydrogen ions to interfere with the hydrogen bonding within the protein structure
What is the importance of protein shape to its function?
A protein's structure decides the protein's function. For example, if the protein is working as an enzyme there is an active site in its structure to allow for substrate binding.
What are viruses and their basic structures?
DNA or RNA covered in protein coating; bacteriophages insert their DNA or RNA into a host cell and use its machinery to replicate
Diffusion (gradient), facilitated diffusion (protein, gradient), osmosis (water and solute), active transport (ATP), large cargo transport (vesicles)
What is the difference between competitive and noncompetitive inhibition?
Competitive inhibition occurs when the inhibitor attaches to the active site. Noncompetitive inhibition occurs when the inhibitor attaches to an allosteric site (another site on the enzyme that's not the active site).