Basic Chemistry
The number of valence electrons needed to fulfill the octet rule
What is 8 valence electrons?
Thiols contain this function group
What is sulfhydryl (-SH)?
This type of linkage is formed between a glycerol and each fatty acid in a triglyceride
What is an ester linkage?
What term describes the sum of all chemical reactions in a living system
What is metabolism/metabolic pathways?
This location on an enzyme is where substrates bind in an ideal orientation
What is the active site?
Sharing electrons form this bond
What is a covalent bond?
What are carbon and oxygen?
Explain the process of hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis.
Hydrolysis: Water is used to break apart glycosidic linkages
Dehydration synthesis: H and OH react and water is lost to create glycosidic linkages
Describe the law of conservation of matter
Matter cannot be created nor destroyed
Cofactors include these two non protein substances
Metal ions (Zn²⁺, Mg²⁺)
Coenzymes (vitamins)
Polar molecules are __________
Nonpolar molecules are _________
Polar molecules are hydrophilic and water soluble
Nonpolar molecules are hydrophobic and water insoluble
Molecules that end in "-one" contain this function group
What is carbonyl (C=O)?
Explain the structural differences between unsaturated and saturated fatty acids
Saturated fatty acids: "Fats," solid at room temperature, contain its max number of hydrogens
Unsaturated fatty acids: "Oils," liquid at room temperature, contains double bonds, does not have its max number of hydrogens
Cellular respiration is an example of this type of reaction
What is an exergonic reaction?
Enzymes work best in what conditions?
Water forms these when in solution
What is hydration sphere?
Molecules that end in "-ol" are called
What are alcohols?
With the help of H-bonds, secondary structures have these two structures within the polypeptide
Alpha helix and Beta pleated sheet
Describe spontaneity and ΔG values of endergonic and exergonic reactions
Endergonic: nonspontaneous, requires energy, +ΔG
Exergonic: spontaneous, releases energy, -ΔG
Explain the difference between competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors
Competitive inhibitors: attach to the active site and mimics the substrate, blocking it from entering
Noncompetitive inhibitors: attach to an allosteric site away from the active site, causing the enzyme to change shape and no longer function
What is a polar covalent bond?
What is the purpose of Stanley Miller and Harold Urey's experiment?
What is: to generate and determine what Earth's early atmosphere was like and what biomolecules are present
Explain the two different bonds that are found in DNA strands.
The nucleotides are connected by phosphodiester bonds and the nitrogenous bases are connected by hydrogen bonds
This type of energy is used by cells to do work
Explain feedback (end-product) inhibition
The end product of a pathway also acts as an inhibitor by attaching itself to an enzymes allosteric site and thus, turning off the pathway and function of the enzyme