Ch. 1 & 6
What are some cell parts specific to plants?
- chloroplasts
- large central vacuole with water
- cell wall
If the pH of a solution increases from 4 to 7, are there more or less H+ and by how much?
1,000 times less H+ in the solution
If a DNA molecule consists of 35% Guanine, how much Thymine will it contain?
15% Thymine
Name a polar, non-polar, and charged amino acid?
Polar: Threonine, Serine, etc.
Nonpolar: Glycine, Alanine, etc.
Charged: Lysine (+), Glutamic Acid (-), etc.
What is this?
The head is ___________ and the tail is ____________. The entire molecule is ____________.
*Bring up picture*
Phospholipid; hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail; entire molecule is amphipathic
What is Endomembrane System?
nuclear envelope --> ER --> glogi apparatus --> transport vesicles
*transport system to the membrane*
How many molecules of glucose are there in a 2 M and 1 L solution of glucose?
1.2 x 1024 molecules of glucose
What type of bond joins the monomer amino acids in a protein’s primary structure?
Peptide Bond
An ester linkage in fats is analogous to a ______________ in carbohydrates.
These bonds are formed by a ______________ reaction.
glycosidic bond; dehydration (loses water molecule)
Why are trans fats bad?
The trans double bond allows the unsaturated fat to become straight instead of kinked (similar in structure to a saturated fat). Trans fats can pack together tightly; clogs arteries.
What are the three domains in life?
Eukarya, Archea, and Bacteria
A hydrocarbon skeleton is covalenty bonded to an aminogroup at one end and a carboxyl group at the other end. When placed in water, this molecule would function _____.
a. Only as an acid
b. Only as a base
c. As an acid and a base
d. As neither an acid nor a base
c. As an acid or a base
What type of interactions are found in tertiary protein structure? Separate by covalent and noncovalent.
Covalent: Disulfides
Noncovalent: Hydrogen bonds, hydrophoic interaction, ionic bonds, van der Waals
____________ is when a protein unravels/loses shape.
___________ is when some proteins can refold if normal environment is restored.
Denaturation; Renaturation
Label the molecules as their appropriate macromolecule.
*Picture*
1. Nucleic Acid (Nucleotide)
2. Amino Acid
3. Lipid
4. Lipid
5. Carbohydrate
What are the types of cytoskeleton?
microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments
What are the three different isomers?
Enantiomers, Structural, and Cis-Trans
What are the functions of proteins?
enzymes, structure, transport, storage, hormones, motor proteins, defense, receptor proteins
What are the differences between DNA and RNA?
RNA: Ribose sugar w/ extra -OH, U instead of T, usually single stranded
DNA: deoxyribose sugar (-H instead of -OH), ACTG (no U), double stranded
If a strand of DNA has the nitrogen base sequence 5’-CTATGAA -3’, what will be the sequence of the matching strand?
5' - TTCATAG - 3'
What is a tentative answer to a well framed question?
Hypothesis
Explain what a buffer is.
A solute that is resistant to change in pH.
The R-group of the amino acid threonine is –CH(-CH3)-OH. The side chain of the amino acid alanine is –CH3? Where would you expect to find these amino acids in a protein surrounded by water?
a. Both threonine and alanine would be on the inside of the protein
b. Both threonine and alanine would be on the outside of the protein
c. Alanine would be on the outside, while threonine would be on the inside
d. Alanine would be on the inside, while threonine would be on the outside
d. Alanine would be on the inside, while threonine would be on the outside
Which nucleotides are purines and which ones are pyrimidines?
Purines (two rings): A and G
Pyrimidines (one ring): C, U, and T
What is an example of a unbranched and branched polysaccharide?
Unbranched: Cellulose
Branched: Glycogen