SA:V
Which cells are more efficient at obtaining nutrients?
Small cells
What is a hydrogen bond and how is it formed?
A bond formed when hydrogen shares electrons with oxygen (or Fluorine or Nitrogen)
The components of cell theory
1. All living things are composed of cells
2. The cell is the smallest unit of life
3. All cells arise from preexisting cells, no spontaneous generation (Bonus question: Who's experiment proved this?)
Monomer of proteins
amino acids
Example of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic: Bacteria
Eukaryotic: Macromolecules
Why is a high surface area to volume ratio beneficial for cells?
It allows for more efficient exchange of materials with the environment.
What is the difference between anions and cations? Give examples
Anions: Negatively charged (Cl-)
Cations: Positively charged (Na+)
What organelles are unique to plant cells?
Cell wall
Chloroplast
Central vacuole
monomer of lipids
None
Why do lipids not have any monomers?
The purpose of compartmentalization
Protects molecules, separate incompatible reactions (What's an example of this?)
As a cell’s size increases, its ratio of surface area to volume
(increase or decrease)
Decreases
What is the key for the pH scale? What range is basic? What range is acidic? Give an example of an acid and base.
0-14; >7 is basic, <7 is acidic
Bases: NaOH
Acids: HCl
What is the primary function of the cell wall in prokaryotic cells?
To provide shape and protect the cell from environmental stress.
polymer of nucleotides
nucleic acid
Membrane: Define boundaries, separate external and internal environment
Biological molecules: DNA (genetic material, code to manufacture protein), carbohydrates (energy), ribosomes (protein synthesis), cytoplasm (internal fluid matrix)
List two cellular components (organelles) where you see a maximization of surface area:volume.
Endoplasmic reticulum (both smooth and rough)
Golgi
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
What is the difference between covalent bonds and ionic bonds?
Covalent bonding: Sharing of electrons (nm and nm)
Ionic Bonding: Transferring of electrons (m and nm)
What is the pathway for protein synthesis?
Nucleus, Rough E.R., transport vesicles, Golgi apparatus, either stays in the cell or leaving the cell
What is hydrolysis? Is H2O the reactant or product?
The process of adding water in order to break bonds within a polymer
Reactant
Characteristics of eukaryotic cells
Compartmentalized
Nucleus present
Many internal organelles
10x larger than prokaryotic
Unicellular or multicellular
A dice has a side length that is 8 inches. What is the surface area of the dice? What is the volume? What is the SA:V ratio simplified?
SA= 384 square inches
V= 512 cubic inches
SA:V= 3/4
What causes a molecule to be polar or nonpolar. Give an example.
Polar: uneven distribution of electrons across its structure, typically due to a difference in electronegativity between the atoms in the molecule (H2O, NH3)
Nonpolar: even distribution of electrons, usually occurring when the atoms in the molecule have similar electronegativity
(O2, CH4, CO2)
What are the components of the endomembrane system? What is it's purpose
1. nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, peroxisomes, plasma membrane
2. Synthesis, package, transport proteins and lipids
What is dehydration synthesis? Is H2O the reactant or product?
The process that builds molecules by removing water to bind them together
Product
Characteristics of a prokaryotic cell
Simpler
Lacks a nucleus
No internal membrane bound organelles
Small
Unicellular