Science and Sources
1. Readers of research
2. the person conducting and writing up the research to be shared
Define what is a consumer of research and what is a producer of research?
I have a research experiment where I give participants one of 3 hallucinogenic drugs. I am measuring depression scores before and after. In this case, the drugs are the ____ variable and depression scores are the _____ variable.
The organization that oversees all human-subjects research and has to approve research before it happens
What is the IRB (Institutional Research Board)?
_________ measures can give insight into how participants view themselves or their behaviors but can be unreliable and biased.
what is self-report?
The most likely population of interest for a study that recruited a sample of children with Type 1 diabetes from a nearby school.
What is all children with Type 1 diabetes? (could also be children with type 1 diabetes in a particular area)
well-established explanation of some aspect of the natural world that is test-able and falsifiable
what is a scientific theory?
A careful, theoretical definition of the
construct you are interested in researching
Example: Satisfaction with life - “A person’s cognitive evaluation of his or her life” (Diener et al., 1985)
what is a conceptual definition?
How well a conceptual variable is operationally defined and measured in a study or specific measure
What is construct validity?
When a survey item is asking two questions at once with only one opportunity for the participant to answer.
what is a double-barreled question?
Also called an unrepresentative sample, some members of a population of interest are more likely to be included in the sample than others.
what is a biased sample?
an article that summarizes the current state of understanding on a topic within a certain discipline
what is a review article?
How the construct is measured or manipulated in an actual study
Example: Satisfaction with life - Five questionnaire
items on the Satisfaction with Life scale, answered on a scale of 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). An example item is “All in all, I am satisfied with
my life”
what is an operational definition?
The extent to which the results of a study generalize to
some larger population (e.g., whether the results from this sample of teenagers apply to all U.S. teens), as well as to other times or situations (e.g., whether the results based on coffee apply to other types of caffeine).
What is external validity?
When a participant answers are all down the middle or neutral.
What is fence-sitting?
When observers’ expectations influence their
interpretation of the participants’ behaviors or the outcome of the study.
what is observer bias?
All 6 components of an empirical research article
What is abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion and references?
A study that includes two or more variables, in which all of the variables are measured; can support an association claim.
What is a correlational study?
In a relationship between one variable (A) and another
(B), the extent to which A, rather than some other variable (C), is responsible for changes in B.
What is internal validity?
Some examples of how the set-up or wording of a question can influence responses.
What is double negatives, leading questions, or order effects, social desirability effects, etc.?
A change in behavior of study participants in the direction of observer expectations.
What is the observer effect? (effect of knowingly being observed)
I am studying how age and gender impact attitudes towards Chappell Roan.
Age and gender DO NOT effect attitudes toward Chappell Roan is my ____ hypothesis.
Age and gender DO have an effect on attitudes toward Chappell Roan is my _____ hypothesis.
What is null and alternative?
An association in which high levels of one variable go with low levels of the other variable, and vice versa
What is negative association?
When determining if a research is ethical, there must be a balance of ________ and _________.
Two ways that increase the chance of getting accurate responses in a survey.
Examples
1. Using measures without a middle/neutral option
2. Using reverse-worded questions
3. Ensure anonymity
4. Have clear instructions
An example of when observation may be more useful than self-report.
Examples:
1. exercise - social desirability, could use fitbit
2. babies - they can't self-report
3. illegal stuff - take drug test instead of asking