Chapter 1 & 2: Nutrition Basics
A substance that provides energy, promotes growth, and allows for tissue maintenance
Nutrient
Notes: Nutrients are water, minerals, vitamins, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
This organ secretes digestive enzymes, glucagon, and insulin, playing an important role in digestion
Pancreas
Notes: The pancreas is a major endocrine and accessory digestive organ. It releases digestive enzymes (pancreatic amylase for carbs and pancreatic lipase for lipids) into the small intestine during digestion and releases insulin and glucagon into the blood stream to control blood sugar levels
Glucose, fructose, and galactose are this type of carbohydrate
Simple sugars/monosaccharides
Note: These monosaccharides are the building blocks of disaccharides like lactose (glucose + galactose), maltose (glucose + glucose), and sucrose (fructose + glucose). During carb digestion, the enzymes in the small intestine will break disaccharides down into their monosaccharide components.
This type type of lipid is composed of three hydrocarbon chains (Fatty acid tails) attached to one glycerol head
Triglyceride
Note: Triglycerides are distinguishable due to their three tails. Keep in mind that the prefix tri- indicates there are three of something in this molecule.
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, water, vitamins, and minerals are all examples of
Macro and micronutrients
Note: Macronutrients are carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Micronutrients are minerals, vitamins, and water. The term nutrients is an acceptable response to this question, but make sure you can distinguish whether a nutrient is macro- or micro-
A set of specific values used to assess and plan nutrient intakes for people
Dietary Reference Intake (DRI)
Notes: The 5 types of DRI types are RDA (recommended dietary allowance), AI (adequate intake), EAR (estimated average requirement), UL (tolerable upper intake), and CDRR (chronic disease risk reduction intake)
Salivary amylase and lingual lipase are involved in this method of digestion
Chemical digestion
Notes: Salivary amylase and lingual lipase (both found in the mouth) are enzymes responsible for breaking the bonds within the food, this helps create a bolus.
Fiber and starch are this type of carbohydrate
Complex carb/polysaccharide
Notes: Complex carbs take a while to digest. due to their bonding. Fiber contains beta bonds that are hard to break, resulting in fiber not fully digesting. Starches are made up of alpha bonds, which are a bit weaker.
What type of fatty acid is bent and has multiple double-carbon bonds?
Polyunsaturated fatty acid
Note: Polyunsaturated fatty acids are bent and contain double-carbon bonds on their tails. They are typically found in oils and are liquid at room temperature.
Excessive intake of one or more nutrients results in
Overnutrition
Note: Overnutrition is type of malnutrition due to the imbalance of nutrients in the diet and potential for health problems.
Proteins, Grains, Fruits, Vegetables, and Dairy are all components of this easy-to-read dietary recommendation guide
MyPlate
Notes: Red represents fruit, green represents vegetables, orange represents grains, purple represents proteins, and blue represents dairy.
The enzyme, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) converts alcohol into this toxic organic compound
Acetaldehyde
Notes: Alcohol dehydrogenase breaks down the majority of ethanol, about 80-90%. The end product of breaking it down is acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde is toxic to the liver. This is one of the main contributors to hangover symptoms
This hormone releases glycogen into the bloodstream to supply cells with energy
Glucagon
Notes: When blood sugar levels are low, glucagon is released into the blood stream. This prompts the liver to break down glycogen (stored glucose), so the cells can be supplied with carbohydrates.
You should limit this type of fat in your diet
Saturated fats
Note: This is because saturated fats raise LDL cholesterol levels.
The involuntary muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract are called
Peristalsis
Note: Peristalsis is a part of mechanical digestion because the smooth muscles in the digestive tract squeeze the food downwards.
This type of study is retrospective, observing disease vs non-disease groups to understand disease risk factors/what causes the condition
Case-Control
Notes: Researchers compare disease groups (case) and non-disease groups (control) hence the term case-control. This study method is looking at the outcomes of these two groups
Dehydration from alcohol consumption is due to slowed/stopped release of this chemical
Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
Notes: Alcohol messes with ADH release, making you urinate more while drinking.
This disease destroys the cells responsible for making insulin
Type 1 diabetes
Note: Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease, meaning the body attacks its own cells. In this case, the body attacks the cells that make insulin.
Omega 3 and Omega 6 are this type of fatty acid
Essential fatty acids
Note: Essential fatty acids are not synthesized by the body, so you need to eat these. Examples of foods with these fatty acids are salmon, chia seeds, and walnuts (to name a few).
This disorder is characterized by a lack of lactase in the small intestine
Lactose intolerance
Notes: People with lactose intolerance don't produce enough lactase enzyme to break down lactose, this leads to digestive problems. The disorder can be inherited or acquired
Bread, cheese, canned tuna, tomato paste, and grape jelly are all examples of this level of processing
Level 3, Processed foods
Notes: Processed foods are any food that has added processed culinary ingredients or was processed to enhance the shelf-life and/or taste of the food. This does NOT mean it's unhealthy or bad for you to consume
During digestion, the majority of nutrient absorption happens in this organ
Small intestine
Notes: The small intestine contains small hair-like projections (villi) that absorb small molecules (macro- and micro- nutrients) from the food particles during digestion.
Undigested carbohydrates move to this organ during carb digestion
Large intestine
Notes: The large intestine is the last stop in digestion. Any remaining carbohydrates that weren't digested and absorbed enter the large intestine.
These lipoprotein molecules are responsible for transporting triglycerides to the liver
Chylomicrons
Note: Chylomicrons are lipid transporters, they leave the large intestine and supply body tissues and organs with lipid molecules.
Decreasing sugar, alcohol, and animal fat intake lowers this type of lipoprotein levels in the bloodstream
LDL
Notes: LDL is considered "bad" cholesterol because too much of it can cause a range of cardiovascular diseases like CAD.