Level 1
Name a vital function of blood.
Transportation or Defense
Anti-A antibodies.
How many oxygen molecules can a hemoglobin molecule hold
4
What is the most abundant plasma protein?
Albumin
During auscultation, where are the four spots that doctors are searching for
Aortic valve, tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve, mitral valve
Give an example of a positive feedback loop and a negative feedback loop.
Positive: Childbirth
Negative: Several
Normal human blood is mainly made up of
Plasma
Name an atrioventricular valve
Bicuspid (Mitral) or Tricuspid.
Normal cardiac rhythm is initiated by the sinoatrial (SA) node. Where does this electrical impulse go next
It spreads throughout the atria via specialized internodal pathways, which consist of three bands (anterior, middle, and posterior) leading to the atrioventricular (AV) node.
Which hormone is produced by the pineal gland
Melatonin
What is the shape of an erythrocyte
Biconcave disk
What is the difference between intracellular hormone receptors and cell membrane hormone receptors?
Cell membrane hormone receptors cannot pass through the cell membrane and instead bind to receptors on the extracellular surface.
Intracellular hormone receptors can easily pass through the cell membrane to bind with intracellular receptors. They bind either in the cytosol or nucleus. Some will bind to receptors already attached to DNA.
Why do people who live at higher altitudes have higher hematocrit levels?
To compensate for lower atmospheric oxygen.
What is the primary function of erythropoietin?
Production of erythrocytes (red blood cells) and subsequently increase oxygen delivery to tissues throughout the body
What is the process for thyroid hormone production.
1. Iodide Uptake: SH hormones bind to thyroid follicle cells which transport iodide ions.
2. Iodine Formation: Iodide oxidizes to iodine
3. Hormone Assembly: Forms T3 and/or T4.
4. Release and Transport of T3 and T4
5. Regulation: Low T3/T4 riggers TRH release in hypothalamus which stimulates TSH release in anterior pituitary. TSH increases T3/T4 production..
Which side of the heart deals with the pulmonary circuit
Right side.
Name an organ that can have endocrine functions
The heart, GI tract, kidneys, bones, adipose tissue, thymus, liver,
Relatively, how much plasma will a patient with anemia have compared to a normal blood sample.
They will have a depressed hematocrit and therefore much more plasma.
Name a type of Granulocye
Neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil
What gives cardiac its striation pattern?
alternating dark (A bands) and light (I bands) patterns due to organized myofilaments in sarcomeres, similar to skeletal muscle.
Name two hormones that are produced by the posterior pituitary.
Posterior Pituitary does not produce hormones.
Which pancreatic islet is responsible for raising blood sugar when blood glucose levels are low.
Alpha cells.
What is calcitonin? What does it do?
Calcitonin is a hormone secreted by the parafollicular cells (C cells) of the thyroid gland in response to elevated blood calcium levels.
Inhibits Osteoclast Activity: Reduces calcium release from bones.
Stimulates Osteoblast Activity: Promotes bone formation.
Decreases Intestinal Calcium Absorption.
Increases Calcium Excretion: Enhances calcium loss through urine.
After returning from the pulmonary where will blood travel to in the heart and how will it exit the heart.
It will enter the Left Atrium, passing the mitral valve into the Left Ventricle, and pass the aortic semilunar valve to exit the heart and flow throughout the body.
What is my blood type?
A+ just like your test grades! ... hopefully