Chemical Bonds
How many valence electrons in a neutral Nitrogen atom?
5 e-
1s2, 2s2,2p3
What type of bond can be made between two water molecules?
A Hydrogen bond (remember partial charges)
How many bonds can a carbon atom make
4 bonds
List the four major categories of macromolecules and an example of each.
Carbohydrates: sugar,glucose
Lipids: phospholipid
Proteins: enzymes
Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA
nucleus (nuclear membrane, nucleolus)
When looking at an element on the periodic table, where would you find the atomic mass?
bottom of the square, almost always includes a decimal number.
What chemical bonds make the cohesion between water molecules possible?
hydrogen bonds
A long chain consisting of carbon and hydrogen atoms is known as ...
A hydrocarbon chain
What are the monomer and polymer parts of a protein?
Amino acids combine through peptide bonds to form polypeptides. Proteins are made of many polypeptide polymers.
What makes a prokaryotic cell different from a eukaryotic cell?
Lack of nucleus
no organelles in prokaryote
prokaryotes are domain bacteria or archea
In an ionic bond, what two types of ions are needed.
An anion (non metal) and cation (Metal)
What type of solution is created when an ionic salt is dissolved in water? Also, what would you call the sphere of water molecules surrounding each dissolved ion?
An aqueous solution. A hydration shell.
What part of an organic molecule usually gives the molecule its characteristics and determines how it reacts?
The functional groups.
An unsaturated fat contains what type of bonds on the hydrocarbon chain.
A double bond creates a bend in the fatty acid. Not fully saturated with hydrogen.
Scanning electron microscopes and transmission electron microscopes.
The concentration of a carbon isotope remaining in a fossil was found to be about 12.5%. If the half life of this radioactive isotope is 120 years, then approximately how old is the fossil?
360 years old.
The four important properties of water are:
cohesive behavior, temperature moderation, expansion upon freezing, and versatile solvent
Which elements most frequently bond with carbon in organic molecules?
hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
Give an example of a carbohydrate polymer.
Glucose (C6H12O6)
What 4 features are common among all cells?
Plasma membrane, semifluid cytosol substance, chromosomes, ribosomes
Rutherfordium has an atomic number of 104. The mass numbers of known isotopes can range from 190-214. How many neutrons can Rutherfordium have?
86-110 neutrons
If there are more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions in a given solution, what would you expect the relationship between pH and pOH to be? (>,<,=)
The pH will be > pOH. simple example of buffer.
Name the seven most important functional groups for biology.
Hydroxyl, Carbonyl, Carboxyl, Amino, Sulfhydryl, Phosphate, Methyl
What is the difference between pyrimidines and purines?
Pyrimidines have a single six-membered ring (C,T,U)
Purines have a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring (A,G)
What is the difference between a lysosome and a peroxisome?
Peroxisomes detoxify the cell by removing H atoms, this raises the pH. Lysosomes digest macromolecules in the cell. Processing old organelles and other macromolecules.