Research Methods
A tentative statement about the relationship between 2 or more variables.
What is a hypothesis?
What you would report you had been doing if awakened while experiencing rapid eye movements.
When a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus.
What is negative reinforcement?
When you listen to a lecture, the information is held in this type of memory until you write it in your notes.
This type of psychologist would be most likely to be helpful in restoring communication and improving morale among employees in a local factory.
What is an industrial/organizational psychologist?
A correlation coefficient will always have a value between these two numbers.
What is -1 and 1?
A progressive decrease in one's response to a drug with repeated and prolonged use.
What is tolerance?
Frederick cringes every time he hears a dentist's drill, even when he is sitting in the waiting room of the dentist office. Identify what the cringe from the pain of dental drilling would be.
What is an unconditioned stimulus?
A. It is not best practice
B. It is not supported by research to exist, because it is not how we learn (i.e., how information is encoded into memory)
C. It is not a standardized assessment
What is all of them!
The theory of Learning Styles is not best practice, not supported by research, and not a standardized assessment. While aspects are shown to help with encoding, the overall theory is trash
This is the structure of the ear that converts vibrations into nerve impulses.
What is the cochlea?
Research method where the investigator systematically observes 2 variables to see whether there is an association between them.
The stage of sleep characterized by low-amplitude brain-wave patterns, irregular breathing and pulse rate, and eyes darting back and forth beneath closed eyelids.
What is REM or rapid eye movement sleep?
The classical conditioning process illustrated below.
Mariah developed a fear of the water when she fell off a river raft last summer. This year, she took swimming lessons and thought she had finally overcome her fear of water. She was eagerly looking forward to an upcoming rafting trip, but as soon as she stepped onto the raft, she was instantly terrified again.
What is spontaneous recovery?
All of the statements below are correct about schemas EXCEPT
A. Schemas sometimes cause individuals to remember information inaccurately.
B. Schemas usually result in increasing the accuracy of an individual's memory.
C. People are more likely to remember things that are consistent with their schemas.
D. Schemas sometimes make individuals more likely to remember unusual events.
What is B? Schemas do not usually result in increasing the accuracy of someone's memory
The sensory receptors for smell.
What are olfactory cilia?
The most accurate statement below:
A. Deception has never been used in psychological research?
B. Although deception has been used in the past, it has recently been banned by the APA.
C. In recent years, there has been a steady increase in the use of deception in psychological research.
D. Deception has been fairly common in psychological research since the 1960s.
What is D? (Deception has been fairly common in psychological research since the 1960s.)
Opiate drugs tend to ________ because they bind onto the same receptor sites as the body's own endorphins.
What is relieve pain?
Type of learning described below.
A cue light comes on in a dog's shuttle box prompting the dog to jump the hurdle to the other side before a shock is administered.
What is avoidance learning?
The effect illustrated by this example:
Tyler witnessed a car accident and heard one of the bystanders casually mention that the driver was probably intoxicated. Even though the driver had not been drinking and never crossed the center line, Tyler tells the police officer that the car had been "weaving all over the road."
What is the misinformation effect?
Impulses move from one neuron to another through action of ________.
What are neurotransmitters?
The main advantage of conducting psychological research with animals.
What is a researcher can exert more control over an animal than over a human subject?
Needing to continue taking doses of a drug to avoid withdrawal illness symptoms.
What is physical dependence?
Joel’s parents make certain they thank Joel every time he clears the dishes from the table without being asked. Sandy’s parents try to remember to thank Sandy every time she clears the table without being asked, but about half the time, they forget. Identify the types of reinforcement and what that says about extinction.
What is...
Sandy's table cleaning (maintained by intermittent reinforcement) will be more resistant to extinction than Joel's (maintained by continuous reinforcement)
When information is retrieved from long-term memory, ______ memories are associated with a sense of remembering while ________ memories are associated with a sense of knowing.
What are episodic memories and semantic memories?
Episodic - personal events, "episodes" of your life
Semantic - facts, general information
What is approximately -70 millivolts?