Vocab
what is the difference between cohesion and adhesion?
Cohesion represents the forces that allow water to stick to itself, whereas adhesion represents the forces that allow water to adhere to other surfaces.
what is the difference between oxidation and reduction?
oxidation is the process of losing electrons, whereas reduction is the process of gaining electrons. OILRIG
Name the important polysaccharides for animals, plants, and fungi/arthropods
animals: starch and glycogen
plants: cellulose
arthropods/fungi: chitin
Evolution vs Natural Selection
Evolution is the gradual change in species overtime, whereas Natural selection is the process where organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive & have offspring (the process by which evolution occurs).
what are chaperone proteins?
Proteins that assist other proteins in folding correctly.
what does electronegativity mean?
Electronegativity refers to the affinity a given element has for electrons. "How well does the atom hold onto electrons"
why is water a polar molecule?
O is a highly electronegative element that pulls e- closer to itself and away from the bonded H atoms. This induces a dipole towards O that results in the unequal sharing of e-. This polarity leads to the formation of H-bonds between other H2O molecules.
Name the basic functions, monomers, and examples of lipids
functions: long-term energy source, insulation, cell membrane composition, hormones
monomers: fatty acids
examples: triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol
List the "Hierarchy of Living Systems" in order from least complex to most complex (hint: there are 3 levels)
cellular (atom - cell) < organism (tissue, organ, organ system, organism) < population (population - biosphere)
what is the determining factor of protein function?
protein structure determines protein function (primary - quaternary)
What is an Isotope?
Variants of elements that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons, affecting their atomic mass.
Name the three major factors that influence reaction rates
temperature, catalysts (enzymes), concentration of reactants. Increasing these factors leads to a decrease in the activation energy for the reaction, speeding up the reaction.
function: energy storage (short-term) and structure
monomer: monosaccharides (glucose or fructose)
example: starch, glycogen, cellulose
Define Homeostasis
The body's process of maintaining a stable internal environment within a narrow, functional range, essential for survival. Ex: sweating to release heat when it's hot outside.
Name the purine and pyrimidine nitrogenous bases
Purines: Adenine and Guanine
Pyrimidines: Cytosine, Thymine (DNA), Uracil (RNA)
what does denaturation refer to?
The process where proteins lose their native structure due to external factors such as heat or pH changes.
How does the ionic compound NaCl (salt) dissolve in water?
Name the basic functions, monomers, and examples of proteins
functions: catalysis, support, transport, hormones
monomers: amino acid (single units that build polypeptides)
examples: insulin, collagen, hemoglobin
what are the four elements essential for life?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen (CHON)
what are the three main components of nucleic acids?
1) phosphate group (PO4-)
2) 5 carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)
3) nitrogenous base (ACG, T or U)
Define Hydrolysis and Dehydration Synthesis
Hydrolysis: the use of water to break down complex molecules (polymers) into their monomer forms. Ex: ATP hydrolysis
Dehydration synth: monomers are joined to form
polymers by the removal of water.
what are functional groups?
Functional groups are specific molecular groups that significantly influence the chemical properties and reactivity of organic molecules. Ex: Carboxyl (COOH) and Amine (NH2)
1) What are the bonds connecting the two strands of DNA together and 2) what are the bonds reinforcing the backbone of DNA?
1) hydrogen bonds
2) phosphodiester bonds
Name the four levels of protein structure
Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure.
Define what Matter is
Any substance that has mass and occupies space. All matter is composed of atoms, the basic units of chemical elements.