What is Abnormal?
What are the Four D’s used to define psychological abnormality?
Deviance, Distress, Dysfunction, Danger
What is informed consent, and why is it important in research?
It ensures participants understand the study and agree voluntarily
What part of a neuron receives messages?
Dendrite
Who developed the theory of psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud
What ancient practice involved drilling holes in the skull to release evil spirits?
Trephination
What term describes a socially unusual but voluntary behavior that is not considered abnormal? (e.g., growing 20 ft hair)
Eccentricity
What do we call a study that tracks the same participants over time?
Longitudinal study
Which system (involving the hypothalamus) is linked to stress and mood disorders?
HPA axis
Name and define one defense mechanism.
Any from the list
Who was Johann Weyer?
First mental health physician
According to Jerome Frank, what are the three essential features of all therapy?
A sufferer, a trained healer, and a series of contacts
What is the main limitation of a case study?
Low internal and low external validity
Name two biological treatments for psychological disorders.
Drug therapy, electroconvulsive therapy, brain stimulation, psychosurgery
What are the three behavioral learning processes often used in CBT?
Classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and modeling
What kind of institution emerged in the Renaissance and was initially meant for care but became known for overcrowding and mistreatment?
Asylums
What are social norms, and how do they relate to deviance?
Social norms are unwritten rules for behavior; violating them can be seen as deviant
What was unethical about the Tuskegee Syphilis Study?
Participants were not informed, denied treatment, and misled
According to Carl Rogers, what is needed for someone to develop unconditional self-regard?
Unconditional positive regard
The CBT model focuses on changing two main things to improve mental health. What are they?
Maladaptive behaviors and maladaptive thoughts/cognitions
Who is considered the “Father of Modern Medicine” and believed mental illness came from imbalances in the four humors?
Hippocrates
Why is it hard to define abnormality across time and culture?
Definitions change based on societal norms and historical context
In a study using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for depression symtoms, what would be the independent variable?
Whether or not participants received CBT
What is the goal of humanistic therapy?
To help individuals achieve self-actualization through acceptance and self-awareness
What is the key difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning in CBT?
Classical conditioning involves learning through association between two stimuli (e.g., a bell and salivation), while operant conditioning involves learning through consequences—behaviors are increased or decreased based on rewards or punishments.
What is the somatogenic perspective?
The belief that physical causes lead to mental disorders