Atoms
What are the essential elements for life?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen
What are the bonds WITHIN water molecules? Between separate water molecules?
Polar covalent (partial charges), hydrogen
What property of carbon makes it allows it to form large, complex molecules?
Tetravalent
What are the 4 main kinds of macromolecules?
Carbs, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids
nonpolar/hydrophobic
What is the correct order of bonds from weakest to strongest?
Van der Waals, Hydrogen, Ionic, Covalent
What is the term for a substance that minimizes the changes in pH?
Buffer
4 (2 per carbon)
What is the covalent bond that holds together two monosaccharides in a carb?
Glycosidic linkage
True or False: Everything can cross the cell membrane.
False! Large polar or charged ions cannot cross without help
What determines the electronegativity of an atom?
The number or protons and their distance from electrons
What holds together multiple water molecules?
Hydrogen bonds
What is the difference between cis- and trans- isomers?
Cis - when the same groups are on the same side of a double bond
trans - when the same groups are on different sides of a double bond
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?
Saturated fats = only single bonds, solid at room temp
Unsaturated fats = double bonds, liquid at room temp
If a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, it will....
Lose water and shrivel
How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in the isotope of Chlorine, Cl-35 that has a charge of -1?
Protons = 17, Neutrons = 18, Electrons = 18
What property of water allows water to be pulled upward in a chain in plant stems during transpiration?
Cohesion
Which of the functional groups discussed in class in NONPOLAR?
Methyl
What determines the conformation (shape) of a protein?
The sequence of amino acids
Longer phospholipid tails would _______ fluidity of the membrane.
decrease
Describe the name and charge of each atom in an IONIC bond?
Cation = positively charged ion that donates an electron
Anion = negatively charged ion that receives an electron
What are the four properties of water that contribute to life on earth?
1. Cohesion/Adhesion
2. Decreased density upon freezing (expands)
3. High specific heat
4. Solvent for polar and ionic compounds
Describe 3 functional groups and their properties.
--
What is the correct order for the "flow of information" in protein synthesis?
DNA --> RNA --> protein
You have a beaker containing a semi-permeable membrane. On side A, there is a 5 M solution of salt. On side B, there is a 1 M solution of salt. Salt cannot cross the membrane. What happens?
Water flows from side B to side A.