Chapter 11 & 12 (CNS)
What part of the brain regulates alertness?
Reticular Formation
What are the four spinal nerve plexuses?
Cervical, Brachial, Lumbar, Sacral
Distinguish between the somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system.
Somatic: voluntary movement
Autonomic: involuntary body functions
The fovea centralis contains more of which type of photoreceptor?
Cones
Which cranial nerve transmits auditory sensation?
Vestibulocochlear
What are the three meninges in order from innermost to outermost?
Pia Mater -> Arachnoid Mater -> Dura Mater
Feeling the pain of a heart attack in your left arm is an example of what?
Referred pain
The autonomic nervous system divides into which two systems?
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
What type of muscle contracts to change the shape of the lens?
Ciliary
What type of wavelength creates a loud sound?
High amplitude
What are the two main functions of the limbic system?
Emotion and memory
What are the three connective tissue layers of a nerve in order from innermost to outermost?
Endoneurium -> Perineurium -> Epineurium
Differentiate between cholinergic and adrenergic fibers.
Cholinergic: release acetylcholine
Adrenergic: release norepinephrine
Which disorder of the eye describes the gradual loss of ability to focus on nearby objects due to aging?
Presbyopia
Which structure of the inner ear regulates dynamic balance?
What type of neural cell plays an important role in forming the Blood Brain Barrier?
Astrocytes
What are the three basic levels of neural integration?
Receptor -> Circuit -> Perceptual
What four cranial nerves are associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?
Oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus
What are the two main parts of the fibrous layer of the eyeball?
Sclera and cornea
What is the name and function of the tube that connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx?
Pharyngotymanic (auditory) tube; balances air pressure
What are the three types of white matter tracts in the cerebrum and how are they different?
Association fibers: connect different lobes within the same hemisphere
Commissural fibers: connect the cerebral hemispheres (corpus callosum)
Projection Fibers: connect the cerebrum to lower brain areas
What are the five components of a reflex arc?
1. Receptor
2. Sensory / afferent pathway
3. Integration center (in spinal cord)
4. Motor / efferent pathway
5. Effector
Which type of nerve has a long pre-ganglionic neuron, short post-ganglionic neuron, and releases acetylcholine at both junctions?
Parasympathetic
What is the purpose of the bleaching reaction?
The bleaching reaction reduces sensitivity to bright light by temporarily bleaching photopigments like rhodopsin
Which cochlear structure detects sound when its hair cells rub on the tectorial membrane?
Spiral Organ of Corti