Perception
This neurological disorder occurs when an individual is unable to recognize faces, because their sensation functions typically and their perception functions atypically.
What is prosopagnosia?
This early selection model of attention is largely considered inaccurate due to its reliance on all-or-none processing, where information is selected based on ONLY physical characteristics.
What is Broadbent’s (1958) Filter Model?
This kind of memory retains the effects of ALL sensory stimuli, but only for a couple of seconds at most.
What is Sensory Memory?
This kind of memory only refers to the active contents of the mind, with a capacity of 7±2 items.
What is Short-Term Memory?
A researcher randomly assigns participants to either sleep 8 hours or remain awake all night, holds testing conditions constant, and measures next-day memory accuracy. Why can this design support a causal inference?
A. It manipulates an IV and controls plausible alternative factors.
B. It relies on self-reports only.
C. It compares demographic groups.
D. It measures only a correlation.
A researcher sets out to understand how perception guides our actions and behaviors in survival situations. They can be said to be following this approach.
What is the action based approach to perception?
The Load Theory of Attention states that if the tasks we are dividing our attention between exceed our attentional resources, we experience this.
What is performance tradeoffs?
This kind of method involves presenting an array of stimuli (e.g. letters) to participants, and using a cue to prompt them to report SOME (e.g. one row) of the previously seen stimuli.
What are partial-report studies?
This is a subsystem of Working Memory that stores auditory input and converts non-auditory input into sound-based information.
What is the Phonological Loop?
Gauthier (1997) trained subjects on recognizing fictional, nonhuman faces called “Greebles.” How did fMRI scans of the fusiform face area differ when subjects were presented with Greebles vs. actual human faces?
A. FFA responded better to human faces than to Greebles.
B. FFA responded better to Greebles than to human faces.
C. FFA responded almost as well to Greebles as to faces.
D. FFA did not respond to Greebles at all.
Pattern recognition is quite easy for us to do automatically. To combat this challenge, a researcher may use this solution by making their stimuli more difficult to understand for participants.
What are degraded stimuli?
This type of task was used by multiple researchers, leading to the findings that we identify meaningful continuations of messages below our conscious awareness, we either process information or we do not, and we can detect change in sound stimulus
What is dichotic listening?
When you pull a previously encoded memory from LTM back into your STM, you are engaging in this.
What is retrieval?
The results from Keppel and Underwood (1962) supported this theory of forgetting, suggesting that trying to hold too much information in STM causes us to forget some items.
What is interference?
During a dichotic listening task, a participant is instructed to attend to the message in their left ear. While doing so, they unexpectedly hear their own name in the unattended message and notice it. Which theory of selective attention best explains this finding?
A. Broadbent’s Filter Model, because unattended information is completely blocked before it can be processed
B. Treisman’s Attenuation Model, because unattended information is weakened but can still reach awareness if it is meaningful
C. Divided Attention Theory, because the participant is consciously attending to both ears at the same time
D. All-or-None Processing, because all information must either be fully processed or completely ignored
In this study, Reicher presented participants with either words or nonwords, and asked them to identify whether or not a target letter was present. He was studying this context effect.
What is the word superiority effect?
According to Treisman’s (1960) Attenuation Model, both primed words and [subjectively] meaningful words have a higher “baseline” signal, thus requiring less processing to reach this.
What is the threshold of awareness/consciousness?
Maggie memorizes a list of words before completing this kind of memory task where she is prompted to report all of the words she can remember in the order they were first presented in.
What is a serial recall test?
We know that STM is coded phonetically because participants in Conrad (1964) struggled more with remembering letters that sounded similar, a phenomenon known as this.
What are acoustic confusions?
You are given a phone number and repeatedly say the numbers to yourself until you can write them down. Which process are you using?
A. Chunking
B. Recognition
C. Maintenance rehearsal
D. Cued recall
This model is unique in the way that it can explain feature analysis data and context effects via both top down and bottom up processing.
What is the interactive activation model?
In this study, the researcher found that the strength of a signal is modified based on whether or not we are paying attention to it
What is the Woldorff ERP’s Study?
This researcher conducted multiple studies using both partial report and whole report techniques. They consistently found that even though all information was getting in through our visual sensory memory, the majority of this information is lost after one second.
Who is Sperling?
This happens when you are prevented from engaging in subvocal rehearsal during memorization, such as from having to repeat the word “cat” out loud while reading words.
What is articulatory suppression?
Which theory of pattern recognition states that we first detect features in a presented stimulus, compare them with stored lists of features, and build up to complex stimuli?
A. Word Detection Theory
B. Feature Detection Theory
C. Interactive Activation Model
D. Template Matching Theory