Endocrine System
a neuroendocrine organ
the hypothalamus
the major form of TH is (hormone) but (hormone) is more active
T4, T3
three functions of blood
distribution, regulation, protection
1. oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from the intestine to all cells, transport metabolic waste and hormones
2. distribute heat around body, maintain pH, serve as a bicarbonate reserve, maintain fluid volume
3. excess blood loss, prevent infection
WBC greater than (number) indicate a response to infection
11000
all amino acid based hormones excluding the thyroid hormone
water-soluble hormones
(hormone) stimulates osteoclasts to digest bone matrix and release (ion) to blood, as a response to (what)
parathyroid hormone, Ca2+, lowered Ca2+ levels in the blood
composition of blood
formed elements: blood cells (RBC, WBC, platelets)
hematocrit: 45% RBC, 55% plasma
steps of hemostasis
vascular spasm
platelet plug formation
coagulation
steroid hormones plus thyroid hormone
lipid-soluble hormones
target cell specificity depends on (3 factors)
blood levels of hormone, relative number of receptors on/in target cell, affinity for binding between receptor and hormone
regulation of erythropoiesis by (hormone)
erythropoietin glycoprotein
difference between the two types of lymphocytes
T-lymphocytes: act directly against virus infected cells (of the body) and destroy tumors
B-lymphocytes: give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies – which live in lymphatic tissues (the home for your immune systems)
cyclic AMP signaling mechanism (7 steps)
1. hormone binds to receptor
2. receptor activates G protein
3. G protein activates/inhibits effector enzyme adenylate cyclase
4. adenylate cyclase convert ATP to cAMP
5. cAMP activates protein kinases that phosphorylate other proteins
6. phosphorylated proteins are either activated/inactivated
7. cAMP is degraded by phosphodiesterase, stopping cascade
three zones of the Adrenal Cortex; name a hormone produced in each and their classification
zona glomerulosa - mineralocorticoids - aldosterone
zona fasciculata - glucocorticoids - cortisol (influence metabolism)
zona reticularis - gonadocorticoids - testosterone, estrogen and progesterone
three different causes of anemia; name at least one of each classification
insufficient number of cells: hemmoragic, hemolytic, aplastic
decreased hemoglobin content: iron deficiency, pernicious (deficiency of B12)
abnormal hemoglobin: thalassemias, sickle cell, polycythemia
classes of leukocytes and which WBC are in each classification (double points if you can tell me their percentages)
granulocytes: neutrophils (40-70%), basophils (0-1%), eosinophils (1-4%)
agranulocytes: lymphocytes (20-45%), monocytes (4-8%)
PIP2-Calcium signaling mechanism (4 steps)
What is:
1. hormone activate G protein activates phospholipase C
2. activated phospholipase C splits PIP2 into two second messengers, DAG and IP3
3. DAG activates protein kinases; IP3 causes Ca2+ release from intracellular storage
4. calcium ions act as second messengers: alter enzyme activity or bind to calmodulin, which activates enzymes to amplify cell response
(1) secretes two hormones (what are they?) but creates none (what does it do?)
(2) secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones to regulate hormone secretion (what are they? (6))
posterior and anterior pituitary glands
(1) oxytocin and ADH; storage
(2) growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, lutenizing hormone, prolactin
life cycle of a red blood cell - include phases and name at least three stages
hemocytoblast
proerythroblast
early erythroblast
late erythroblast
normoblast
reticulocyte
erythrocyte
formation of leukocytes: at least one granulocyte pathway, and both agranulocyte pathway (double points if you can tell me all of them)
hemocytoblast to either myeloid stem cell or lymphoid stem cell
myeloid to either myeloblast or monoblast
lymphoid stem cell to lymphoblast
myeloblast to promyelocyte to myelocyte to band cell to final stages
monoblast to promonocyte to monocyte
lymphoblast to prolymphocyte to lymphocyte