Research Process
When we do research do we have our own narratives? What shapes our beliefs and attitudes about the world and research?
YES
Our personal history, experiences, beliefs, socialization, and others influence us
What is the types of research designs do Quantitative, Mixed methods, and Qualitive have?
Qualitative: EXPERIMENTS, Quasi experiments, single subject experiments, correlational designs, SURVEY
Mixed Methods: Convergent parallel mixed methods, Explanatory sequential mixed methods, Exploratory sequential mixed methods
Qualitative: NARRATIVE RESEARCH, Phenomenological research, Ethnographies, Grounded theory, CASE STUDIES
What are examples of the social cultural context and what is the definition of Zeitgeist?
SCC: Opioid epidemic, Mamie Phipps Clark, Smoking, Corona
Zeitgeist: The spirit of the times has an impact on the type of research that is conducted and receives funding
Who was the first person to use the term psychology?
What are some of the early influences to psychology?
Christian Wolff (German philosopher)
EI: Classification for unsavory reasons, studying humans from the outside in (phenotypic features, brain skill size, genes, intelligence)
What is a Pseudoscience?
A set of beliefs or practices that are not scientific but claim to be scientific
What is Ontology and Epistemology? What are their focuses?
Ontology: The study of being or the essence of things. FOCUS= The nature of reality, and what can be known about reality
Epistemology: The study of acquiring knowledge/what counts as knowledge. FOCUS= The basic belief about knowledge and what can be known. Also the relationship between participants and researcher.
Which WORLDVIEWS tie to Quantitative and Mixed Methods? Briefly describe the worldview
Quantitative: POSTPOSITIVIST (Cause & effect, reduction to specific variables)
Mixed: PRAGMATIC (Consequence oriented, problem centered, pluralistic)
What variables impact research? What are the basic ethical principles from the Belmont Report? How do you apply them?
Economy, Technological advances, Regulations, Ethics/morals, Environment, Politics
1. Respect for persons = Informed Consent
2. Beneficence = Assessment of risks and benefits
3. Justice = Selection of subjects
What is the difference between Empiricism and Rationalism? What is Phrenology?
Empiricism: We come to know based on experiences
Rationalism: We understand through proper reasoning
Phrenology: Reading the skull to earn about different parts of the brain associated with personality and behavior
COURSE: The Briefer Course
LAB: Albert S Beckham (School Psychologist, "Is the Negro Happy?)
What is axiology and methodology? What are their focuses?
Axiology: The study of values & value judgement. FOCUS= The role of values in research, and what is important to people
Methodology: The process & procedures associated with conducting research. FOCUS= To discover different laws and theories that exist in nature, they're are various viewpoints on how to partake in methodology
Which WORLDVIEWS tie to Qualitative? Briefly define these world views
ADVOCACY/PARTICIPATORY (Political issue oriented, collaborative, change oriented)
What are examples of unregulated research? Explain what happened in each example. What regulations were added ?
Nuremburg war crimes/Nuremburg code
Henrietta Lacks
Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment
National research act (1974), Belmont Report, APA code of ethics
Who was Wilhelm Wundt? What did he focus on or believe in?
He was the 1st to have a research lab dedicated to psychological research at the university of Leipzig, he also wrote the book Principles of physiological psychology
STRUCTURALIST: Human mind/consciousness individual components
Who was Francis Cecil Sumner? Briefly summarize the quote tied to him.
- Psychoanalysis of Freud & Adler
- Worked with President Mordecai Johnson to establish the Psychology department
- Father of Black psychology
QUOTE: Not giving up when others tried to tell him otherwise
What is constructivism and postpositivism?
Constructivism: Meanings are shaped by SOCIAL HISTORICAL INFLUENCES + interactions with other people
- Specific context is important, there are multiple realities, goal is to rely as much as possible on the participants & what is being studied from them, developing new theories
Postpositivism: Causes (Probability) determine outcomes & we can identify these causes using control.
- Leaves room for error, reductionistic, knowledge can be determined through observing & studying behavior, laws & theories govern the world that can be tested to understand the world
What types of data and analyses are tied to Quantitative?
Quantitative: NUMERIC DATA, close ended predetermined questions or statements, statistical analysis
What are some of the additional ethical guidelines?
4. Fidelity & Responsibility
5. Integrity
Who are William James and G Stanley Hall? What did William James believe in/study?
William James: "Father of American Psychology", Principles of psychology book, Harvard professor
FUNCTIONALISM: Understanding the function of mental processes and behavior in human consciousness
GSH: 1st doctorate degree in Psychology, student to james
Who were the Clarks?
They both got their bachelors and master degrees at Howard
THESIS: investigation of the development of consciousness of distinctive self in pre-school children
(BROWN VS BOARD)
What is advocacy/participatory and pragmatism?
Advocacy/participatory: Inquiry & research that we are doing needs to be intertwined with a political issue
-The researcher works with the group they are interested in to help them develop the research approach. EX: Inequality, oppression, racism, immigration reforms = figuring out how to break down the systems)
Pragmatism: Knowledge comes from actions, situations, and consequences, rather than antecedent conditions
- "Lets let the problem guide our research, then we can figure out which strategies are necessary", uses mixed methods, not locked in one way of thinking, "what works right now"
What types of data and analyses are tied to Qualitative and Mixed Methods?
Qualitative: OPEN ENDED, Emerging data with the primary intent of DEVELOPING THEMES from the data
Mixed Methods: Collecting data STIMULTANEOUSLY or SEQUENTIALLY to best understand research problems
What was the Edwin Smith surgical Papyrus? What was the huge debate?
Created possibly around 1700 BC
48 Cases about the brain, meninges, and cerebral fluid
DEBATE: Authorship & Name
What are some of the schools of thought? What are the APA, ABP, AND APS?
SCHOOLS: Structuralism, Functionalism, Psychoanalysis, Behaviorism, Humanism, Cognitive Psychology, Present day
APA= American Psychological Association
ABP= Association of Black Psychologists
APS= Association for psychological science
Who are some teachers that you may know that helped to create the foundation of the psychology department?
Curtis Banks, Wade Boykin, Alfonso Campbell, Jules Harrell, Stanley Ridley