Sequencing
The kind of sequencing that involves randomly breaking up DNA sequences into many small pieces and then reassembling the sequence by looking for regions of overlap.
What is Shotgun sequencing?
Name the gene that encodes a transcription factor associated with beak shape in Darwin's finches.
What is ALX1?
The enzyme involved in separating the DNA strands by breaking the Hydrogen bonds.
What is DNA helicase?
Name the enzyme that starts the crossing over process by making double stranded breaks by cutting into the homologs.
What is SPO11?
The process in which one single stranded molecule forms a double-stranded molecule with another single-stranded molecule with the complementary sequence.
What is hybridization?
The kind of sequencing that involves many thousands of DNA templates being sequenced simultaneously.
where and when a gene is transcribed
The enzymes involved in relieving supercoiling in the DNA by cutting the DNA, easing torsion, and the resealing.
What is topoisomerases?
Name the cross-shaped structure that forms after crossing over occurs
What is holiday function?
Name the purpose of RNA splicing.
What is to remove introns from maturing RNA.
The type of sequencing that involves adding a primer that is complementary to part of the DNA template to be sequenced and results in the formation of extension products of various lengths terminated with dNTPs at the 3′ end.
What is Sanger (De-oxy) sequencing?
A protein that controls the rate of transcription of DNA by binding to a specific DNA sequence.
What is a transcription factor?
What is ligase?
Name the disorder that results from non-disjunction of the 21st chromosome.
What is Down Syndrome?
Name the mutation that causes a premature stop codon.
The type of sequencing that involves cutting the genomic DNA into fragments with restriction enzymes and inserted into cloning vectors. The vectors make up a library and the clone is isolated and inserted in the sequence. Makes up 700 bp long sequences, each becoming a primer for the next sequence. The sequences are aligned and used to find overlap.
Directed Sequencing
Name the location where transcription factors bind on a gene.
What is the Cis-regulatory module?
Name and briefly describe the three stages of DNA replication.
Initiation-primase (an RNA polmerase) initiates replication
Elongation-DNA polymerases adds new complementary bases to the leading strand and okazaki fragmants are added to the lagging strand between the primers
Termination-two strands are joined by DNA ligase
Name a structure involved in cell division by producing the microtubules needed to form spindle fibers that attach to the chromosome during prophase. (hint: contains the centrioles)
What is the centromere?
Refers to the observation that a specific sequence or genetic element is present in different numbers of copies when species or individuals are compared.
What is copy number variation?
Name the difference between directed sequencing and shotgun sequencing.
Why is are transcription factors important?
(Hint: has to do with expression)
All cells in a multicellular organism have the same DNA sequence and the same genes, but they express or transcribe different genes. The differences in transcription patterns depend on the activity of the transcription factors
Name the function of the TERT reverse transcriptase of telomerase.
When the DNA ligase removes the RNA primer at the extreme 5- end, this leaves a gap. In order to close the gap, the TERT reverse transcriptase of telomerase uses the TERC template to add on complementary sequences to the 3' end.
Name the site on the sister chromatid where the microtubule attaches.
What is the kinetochore?
The basis and fundamental principle behind punnet squares.
What is the law of independent segregation?