Chapter 1
What is ATP?
These are the fundamental units of life, they fuel most metabolic reactions
Difference between covalent and ionic bonds
Covalent Bonds: Form by the Sharing of Electrons
Ionic Bonds: Form by the Gain and Loss of Electrons
What is the First Law of Thermodynamics?
energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another.
What are chaperone proteins?
Proteins that help newly synthesized polypeptides to achievie proper folding.
Who is Robert Hooke?
A scientist that first observed cells under a microscope and used the term "cell."
What are the two types of cells
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
What is the octet rule
process of atoms interacting to have eight electrons in their valence shell, because this achieves the most stable conformation
What is the mitochondrion?
This organelle is responsible for the majority of ATP production in eukaryotic cells.
What are alpha-helices and beta-sheets?
The two main types of secondary protein structures are these.
What is endocytosis?
The process when cells engulf external substances by forming a vesicle around them.
What are cells?
They are the fundamental units of life
What is photosynthesis
process that converts the electromagnetic energy in sunlight into chemical bond energy in cells
What is glycolysis?
This process in cells involves the breakdown of glucose to generate ATP.
What is tertiary structure?
This type of protein structure results from interactions between amino acid side chains.
What are the different types of cytoskeletons
microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules?
What is the ribosome?
This an organelle that is responsible for protein synthesis in all cells (Made up of protein + RNA).
What are the 4 organic atoms essential for life
Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen
What is catabolism?
This process describes the breakdown of food molecules to generate usable energy for the cell.
What is a disulfide bond?
This a covalent bond that stabilizes extracellular proteins by forming links between them.
What is the Golgi apparatus?
Cell organelle responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins or the cell.
What is the Cell Theory?
all living organisms are composed of cells, that cells are the basic unit of life, and that all cells arise from pre-existing cells.
What are the 4 macromolecules essential for life
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids
What is the measure of disorder in a system
Entropy
What is a prion disease?
This disease results from protein misfolding and out competing pre existing prion protein in the brain, affecting neural function.
How did the mitochondrion and chloroplast orginate?
They originated from an ancient symbiotic relationship between a eukaryotic cell and a prokaryote.