Exam #1 Review (Chapters 2-6, 8)

Basic Chemistry + Properties of Water

100

The number of valence electrons needed to fulfill the octet rule 

8 valence electrons

200

~96% of all life forms consist of these four elements

Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen

300

This is also known as "salts," "acids," or "bases"

Ionic compounds

400

This allows hydrogen bonds to form between water molecules

Polarity

500

In solution, water forms this structure around ions to keep them separated

Hydration spheres

Organic Molecules

100

This type of molecule only contains carbons and hydrogens

Hydrocarbons

200

Alcohols contain this functional group and have this suffix

Hydroxyl (-OH); end in "-ol"

300

Thiols contain this functional group

Sulfhydryl (-SH)

400

Organic acids contain this functional group

Carboxyl (-COOH)

500

These two functional groups can be found within amino acids

Amino (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH)

Macromolecules

100

This type of linkage occurs between carbohydrates

Glycosidic Linkage

200

This type of fatty acid bends at the hydrocarbon chain

Unsaturated fatty acids

300

This enzyme is required to catalyze the formation of peptide bonds

Peptidyl transferase

400

This many hydrogen bonds are found within C and G in DNA

3 H-bonds

500

These four factors can cause denaturation of proteins

High temperatures, pH change, changes in ionic strength, and solubility

Metabolism + Enzymes

100

A +ΔG value shows that a reaction is _____________ and ____________

Endergonic and nonspontaneous

200

These are the three types of work that living systems must perform

Chemical, mechanical, and transport

300

This type of inhibition has substrates binding away from the active site

Allosteric inhibition/noncompetitive inhibition

400

These are the three other ways that metabolic pathways can be regulated by enzymes

Localization, production, and degradation

500

These three laws govern metabolic pathways

Law of Conservation of Matter, 1st Law of Thermodynamics, and 2nd Law of Thermodynamics

Cellular Structures

100

Harmful peroxides are formed in this organelle which are then broken down by this enzyme

Peroxisomes; catalase

200

Hydrostatic pressure, keeps cells rigid, is also known as this

Turgor

300

Cilia and flagella construction follow this "rule"

9+2 arrangement/construction

400

In microtubules, dimers made of tubulin are added from this end

+ end

500

This cytoskeletal element forms the nuclear lamina

Intermediate filaments