History of Micro
Antony van Leeuwenhoek is the "Father" of this instrument.
What is the microscope?
Bacterial chromosomes are almost always this shape.
What is a circle/circular?
This is the time it takes for one bacterium to become two; it's also called the doubling time.
What is generation time?
This type of cell has a thick layer of peptidoglycan and appears purple after a proper gram stain.
What is gram positive bacteria?
Wet or dry heat, irradiation, and filtration are all examples of this kind or microbial control.
What is physical control?
This man pioneered sterile surgery, and we remember him now in the name of a leading mouthwash brand.
Who is Joseph Lister?
This process of genetic exchange requires the uptake of naked DNA released from a dying cell.
This category of microbe refers to a cell that lives and grows in temperatures from room temperature to body temperature, the temperature range required by most bacteria that are pathogenic to humans.
What are mesophiles?
This structure, found in some but not all bacteria, provides an advantage by making the sticky, slippery cell difficult for phagocytes to engulf.
What is a capsule?
Phenolics, halogens, dyes, heavy metals, and surficants are all examples of this type of control of microbes.
What is chemical control?
Oliver Wendall Holmes and Ignaz Semelweiss proposed this radical health care intervention in the mid 1800s.
What is handwashing?
Transcription in protein synthesis involves turning DNA into this molecule, while translation involved turning this molecule into proteins.
What is mRNA (messenger RNA)?
These flexible bacteria use aerobic respiration when oxygen is available, but switch to fermentation in low or no oxygen environments.
What are facultative anaerobes?
Where on the bacterial cell would you find amphitrichous flagella?
What is both ends of a bacterial cell?
(amphi = both, like amphibians;
trich = hair, like trichome)
Standard autoclave procedure calls for 121°C steam at 15 lb/in² of pressure for this long.
What is fifteen minutes?
This theory, also known as abiogensis, says that living organisms can arise spontaneously from non-living material.
What is spontaneous generation?
This process of building large molecules normally lets a virus use a cell to make copies of its own DNA, but in transduction a mistake occurs so that bacterial DNA is packaged into a viral coat instead.
What is macromolecular synthesis?
These bacteria require an increased concentration of carbon dioxide to grow.
What are capnophiles?
This is found on the outer surface of gram negative cell walls, but is not found in gram positive cell walls, and can cause gram negative sepsis.
What is lipopolysaccharide/LPS/endotoxin?
This process kills endospores as well as vegetative cells; a good autoclaving will do it.
What is sterilization?
This woman helped develop pure culture media by suggesting the agar she used for her jellies and jams to her husband, an employee of Robert Koch's laboratory.
Who is Fannie Hess?
This type of "male" cell can transfer chromosomal genes, while other "males" can only transfer plasmids.
What is a High Frequency Recombminant?
(High frequency because they change genes in the recipient cell so often, much more than regular F+ cells which hardly ever do. Recombine means to mix up genetic traits.)
This complex word refers to an organism that gets both its energy and its carbon sources from organic compounds, unlike plants who are photoautotrophs.
What is a chemoheterotroph?
(chemo = chemicals; hetero = different; troph = eat: it "eats" the chemicals it needs from other living things! Just like we do!)
The gram negative cell contains many different structures: the inner and outer cell membranes, LPS/endotoxin, and a periplasmic space. No wonder we call it this.
What is heterogeneous?
This type of bacterial cell is more resistant to chemical disinfectants, lysozyme, and penicillin.
What are gram negative cells?