Where do chromosomes line up before they are pulled apart?
Metaphase plate
100
What is the name of the process for the production and saturation of sperm?
Spermatogenesis
100
What is the quantity and distribution of yolk and mesolecithal eggs?
Moderate amount of yolk, concentrated at vegetal pole
100
What are the four major tissue types?
Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
100
Define digestion
The process of breaking down food into molecules that are small enough to be absorbed
200
What is the division of somatic cells called?
Mitosis
200
What is the role of polar bodies?
To ensure the correct number of chromosome division
200
Define mesoblastic
When the cleavage furrow does not completely divide the cytoplasm at each cell division
200
What are the functions of epithelial tissues?
Protection, absorption, secretion
200
Where does extracellular digestion occur?
Within the gut
300
How can you tell the difference between a cell in anaphase II of II vs anaphase of mitosis?
The number of chromosomes (2n v n)
300
Define fertilization
The fusion of gametes
300
What is the difference between how cleavage furrows move through the egg in isolecithal vs mesolecithal eggs?
Yolk impedes cleavage furrows; so in mesolecithal eggs cleavage furrows move more slowly
300
What is a muscle cell called?
a muscle fiber
300
What are two advantages of extracellular digestion?
1. Larger food masses can be ingested
2. Cells lining the gut can become specialized
400
What are the three major mechanisms for movement of substances into or out of cells?
Diffusion (simple and facilitated)
Active
Endocytosis/ exocytosis
400
What happens during the fast block to polyspermy?
Changing the electric potential of the plasma membrane to + 20 mV
400
What types of cleavage patterns are controlled by the amount and distribution of yolk?
Holoblastic and meroblastic
400
What are the two parts of the cellular matrix in connective tissue?
Ground substance, fibers (secreted by fibroblasts)
400
What is peristalsis?
The contraction of esophageal muscles propelling food towards the stomach
500
Name four zoological processes that involve mitosis
formation of new cells, replace damaged tissue, rapid division of embryonic cells, cancer
500
Why is the slow block to polyspermy effective?
The fertilization membrane is a mechanical barrier
500
Explain the difference between schizocoely and enterocoely
Schizocoely-> coelom forms from the hollowing out of a solid block of mesodermal cells
Enterocoely-> coelom forms from pouches of mesoderm
500
How are chondrocytes and osteocytes similar?
They secrete either cartilage (chondro) and bone (osteo)
500
What is the composition of pancreatic juice?
Proteases to break down proteins, pancreatic lipase to break down fats, pancreatic amylase to break down starch and nucleases to break down DNA and RNA