Show:
Theories and Concepts
This Vs. That
When Creating a Research Study
Pieces of the Research Puzzle
Ethics in Research
100
The degree to which a theory provides the simplest explanation of some phenomenon.
What is parsimony?
100
In your studies, it is important to learn the necessary skills to become _____ of research (conducting studies and analyzing data); at the same time, most psyc students do not go that route. Since many will become _____, they must develop the ability to read about research with curiosity--to understand it, learn from it, and ask appropriate questions about it.
What are producers vs. consumers?
100
Sadie predicts that as temperature increase so also aggressive assaults will increase. This is the _____ of her research study.
What is a hypothesis?
100
Dr. Seamore is interested in the effect of gender differences on communication patterns. In this study, gender differences and communication patterns are the what?
What are variables?
100
Each participant is entitled to the opportunity to learn about the research project, know the risks and benefits, and decide whether or not to participate.
What is informed consent?
200
In this cycle, scientists collect data to test, change, or update their theories. This includes taking systematic attempts including multiple steps to solve a problem.
What is the theory-data cycle?
200
_____ research collects participants’ names but keeps them separate from the data; _____ research collects no participants’ names.
What is anonymous vs. confidential?
200
In the world of research, alternative explanations are called this.
What are confounds?
200
When researching a topic, _____ are good because they are peer-reviewed in order to be published; however, ____ may not always present accurate findings and must be used with discretion.
What are journals and magazines?
200
____ occurs when researchers invent data to fit their hypotheses instead of recording what really happened in the study; while ____ occurs when researchers influence the results by being selective in data observations or influencing participants to act a certain way to support the hypotheses.
What is data fabrication and data falsification?
300
The process of 3 or 4 experts on a subject coming together to edit a manuscript, including its flaws and virtues, to determine if the paper deserves to be published in a particular journal. This process is designed to make sure only innovative, well-done studies make it into the published journals.
What is the peer-review process?
300
_____ has no comparison group and is confounded vs. _____ includes systematic comparisons which control for potential confounds. This is probabilistic and better than the first option.
What is experience vs. research?
300
The nature of research is ____: its findings are not expected to explain all cases all of the time.
What is the probabilistic nature of research?
300
Construct, statistical, external, and internal are all important types of this.
What is validity?
300
This can occur through commission or omission; regardless, it has potential to be beneficial to a research study while being harmful to participants. Therefore, each study proposing using this must be evaluated by an ethics board before implementing this tool.
What is deception?
400
The principles of this include using evidence from the senses or from instruments that assist the senses as the basis for conclusions. Compared to experience or intuition, this is considered the most reliable basis for conclusions. Researchers use this approach for collecting data and using it to create, support, or test theories.
What are the Principles of Empiricism?
400
This is a "false positive:" concluding based on the sample that there is an association between two variables when there really is NO association in the real population. vs. This is concluding based on the sample that there is no association between two variables when there really IS an association in the full population.
What is Type I Error vs. Type II Error?
400
These groups are important because when scientists use them, they are better able to control for confounds. They enable comparisons between what would happen both with and without the thing a researcher is interested in.
What is a comparison group?
400
These indicate that variables are related, and can have positive, negative, or no associations.
What are correlations?
400
These are two of the most prominent historical examples of major ethical violations.
What is the Tuskegee Syphilis Study and what is the Milgram Obedience Study?
500
Billy is interested in research that that enhances the general body of knowledge in the field such as theory development. Clair, however, likes research because of the outcomes which address practical problems. Different from both of them, Lenny, wants to do it all! He wants to be involved in research that bridges theoretical research and applying research outcomes to real life situations. Name the 3 different types of research.
What are Basic, Applied, and Translational Research?
500
Before he can begin his research study, Gustav must go through this is the local board to gain approval for the using animals in his study. Minnie on the other hand is intending to use humans as the participants in her study so she must go through this other committee to obtain ethical approval.
What are Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) and Institutional Review Board (IRB)?
500
There are three requirements for causal inference: time-order precedence, covariation, and third variable. Ryan found that as he develops better study habits he gets higher exam scores. This satisfies which causal-inference requirement?
What is covariation?
500
This is an argument someone is trying to make, and it has three types: frequency, association, and causal.
What are claims?
500
This is a short document outlining these three main principles for guiding ethical decision-making: justice, beneficence, and respect for persons.
What is the Belmont Report?