L2: Basic Chemistry
What makes an atom unstable?
when there is a vacancy of 1 or more electrons in the valance (outer) shell of an atom
bonus: when only one is missing the atom is more unstable
Where in the digestive tract are the majority of nutrients absorbed into the body?
small intestine
What does the cell theory state?
all living organisms are composed of cells (unicell or multicell), and that all cells come from pre-existing cells
What are carbs used for in the body?
energy production, storage, structural support
Where are acids and bases found on the pH scale?
Acids are found between the pH of 0-6, neutral is 7, and bases are found between 8-14
Differences between unsaturated and saturated fatty acids?
Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between carbon atoms and are solids at room temperature, while unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds and are liquids at room temperature. Generally unsaturated fats are healthier to consume.
What are the three domains of life?
bacteria, archaea, and eukarya
BONUS: bacteria and archaea are made up of prokaryotic cells while eukarya is composed of eukaryotic cells
What are the two ways the digestive system breaks down nutrients?
mechanically: chewing
chemically: enzymatically
How many electrons are found in each shell of an atom? (Hint: there are 3 shells)
first shell: 2
second shell: 8
third/valence shell: 8
how can proteins become denatured and what it does to the function
experiencing stress like extreme temperatures or changes in pH can denature an enzyme which alters its functions
What is the job of a lysosome?
BONUS: What is the job of mitochondia?
lysosome: recycles old cell products and foreign materials to make into cells, mainly digestive
mitochondria: breaks down macromolecules from food to create ATP via cellular respiration, generates thermal energy
When a substrate complex consists of two different macromolecules that seperate
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen
Negative feedback loops that help maintain normal blood glucose level
high bgl: the pancreas secretes insulin which converts glucose to glycogen for storage, lowering glucose levels in the body
low bgl: pancreas secretes glucagon that breaks down glycogen into glucose, increasing glucose in the body
What are the main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells: larger, complex internal structure, mainly multicellular, membrane, linear DNA structure.
prokaryotic cells: small, simple internal structures, unicellular, no membrane, circular DNA structure.
What are polymers?
When all substrates or macromolecules are the same or similar and bind together
List the properties of water (As many as you can!)
polar molecule, universal solvent, less dense in solid form, cohesive and adhesive, surface tension, high specific heat, high heat of vaporization, and a neutral pH
What are the four major macromolecules and their common monomers and polymers?
carbohydrates; M: glucose, fructose; P: starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin
fats; M: fatty acid; P: triglyceride
proteins; M: amino acid; P: polypeptide, enzymes (amylase)
nucleic acids; M: nucleotide; P: DNA, RNA
Typical pathway of a newly synthesized protein from assembly to export?
translation in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER), to the folding and modification in the ER, to transport to golgi complex for further processing, sorting and packaging in GC to exocytosis or export
Who voices Po in Kung Fu Panda?
Jack Black aka Steve from Minecraft