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Is a clinic sample representative?
Naur because, e.g., it only accounts for people who go in for treatment and doesn't account for those who don't have access to clinics or aren't willing to go in for treatment.
What is lifetime prevalence?
Number or proportion of cases of a disorder diagnosed at any time in life.
Are longitudinal studies within or between subjects?
within subjects
Are cross-sectional studies within or between subjects?
between subjects
What are some research ethics and why is it important?
- Institutional Review Boards to prevent abuses
- Informed consent (parent) and assent (minor)
- Voluntary participation
- Privacy: Confidentiality & anonymity
- Do no harm & do good: Risk-benefit ratio
Why are cultural considerations important in clinical psychology?
Culture shapes how clients understand their problems and determines what is considered deviant in that culture
What are the components of cultural competence?
- Awareness
- Knowledge
- Skills
What are the criticisms of cultural competence?
- We end up stereotyping or lumping people into categories (ex: men aren't comfortable being emotional)
- people aren't just one thing (intersectionality) (black lesbian religious woman)
- we make mistakes when we decide other people's identities and which identity is most important (you look white, how can you be latina)
What is cultural humility?
- "the ability to maintain an interpersonal stance that is other-oriented (or open to the other) in relation to aspects of cultural identity that are most important to the [person]”
Involves the following three steps as a process:
- lifelong commitment to self-evaluation and self-critique
- a desire to fix power imbalances where none ought to exist
- aspiring to develop partnerships with people and groups who advocate for others
Narrow vs. broad definitions
- Some argue that ethnicity and race are the defining characteristics of culture
- Others argue that many other variables can define a culture, such as: Socioeconomic status, religion, gender, age, geography/region, political affiliation, disability status
What does self-awareness refer to in terms of cultural competence?
Learning about one’s own culture
- KNOW THYSELF!
- Values, assumptions, biases
- By doing so, you become less egocentric
- Realize that differences are not deficiencies
- Understand one’s unconscious/implicit biases
What does knowledge refer to in terms of cultural competence?
Can gain knowledge by
- Reading, especially regarding history
- Direct experiences
- Relationships with people of various cultures
- Asking client to explain cultural meaning (to a limited extent)
**note: there are exceptions to cultural trends – heterogeneity
- Within-group differences are ALWAYS greater than between-group differences
What does skills refer to in terms of cultural competence?
- Techniques should be consistent with the values and life experiences of each client
- “Talk therapy” may work better for some cultural groups than for others
- Some cultural groups may respond more positively to “action” than “insight
What are the disadvantages of diagnosis?
1. Oversimplifies, minimizes individuality
2. Exclusive focus on the individual, instead of relational context
3. Distinctions between normality and abnormality are sometimes arbitrary
4. Often unclear boundaries between diagnostic categories
5. Certain criteria are subjective
6. Stigma: Confirmation bias and Stereotype threat
What are the advantages of diagnosis?
1. Clinical usefulness
2. Prediction (Prognosis)
3. Planning treatment
4. Helping individuals obtain services
5. Helping parents
What has APA done in efforts to incorporate cultural considerations?
- Journals and books on cultural topics
- New APA divisions
- revisions to APA ethical code: Competence, Discrimination, Interpreting assessment results, Others
- revisions to DSM to describe cultural variations of disorders and culture-bound syndromes
- revisions of prominent assessment methods e.g., intellience tests
What are sensitivity and specificity?
Sensitivity: Detecting the condition when it is there
Specificity: Correctly detecting when someone does not have a disorder
What are the functions of the limbic system?
•Regulates emotional experiences
•Regulates expressions
•Regulates basic drives
•Critical for learning and impulse control
What are the different aspects under the umbrella of biological influences?
- Brain Development
- Neurobiology
- Endocrine System
- Biological Risk
- Neurotransmitters
- genetics
What are the functions of the brainstem (midbrain, pons, and medulla)?
Midbrain
- Motor supply to muscles
Pons
- Face sensation & movement
Medulla
- Breathing
- Heartbeat
- Digestion
- Response to new cultural environment
- Balance between adopting new and retaining original culture
- Specific strategies:
- Assimilation (high new and low original)
- Separation (low new and high original)
- Marginalization (low new and original)
- Integration (high new and original)
What are the functions of the cerebellum, thalamus, and hypothalamus?
Cerebellum
- Controls motor and mental coordination
Thalamus
- Relay station for sensory input
Hypothalamus
- Regulates behavior & emotion
What do we take into account when using an integrated approach for causes?
- Biological Influences
- Emotional Influences
- Behavioral & Cognitive Influences
- Family & Cultural Influences
What are the functions of the basal ganglia?
•Regulates, organizes, and filters info related to cognition, emotions, mood & motor function
What are the functions of the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes?
Frontal Lobes (20)
•Thinking
•Reasoning
•Working memory
•Self-control
•Social cognition
Parietal Lobes (16)
•Integrate signals
Temporal Lobes (16)
•Expression and regulation of emotion
•Memory
•Language (esp. left)