The scientist who proposed a mechanism for how life changes, including the inheritance of acquired traits.
Who is Lamarck?
100
What makes evolution possible?
Mutation/genetic variation and sexual reproduction.
100
What is macroevolution?
Macroevolution is a change in allele frequency, morphometry, and function over a long time frame which leads to new species.
100
Define "protobiont".
Protobionts are aggregates of abiotically produced molecules surrounded by a membrane or membrane-like structure. Ex. liposomes formed when lipids are added to water.
100
What is the difference between taxonomy and systematics?
Taxonomy is naming and classifying organisms.
Systematics is the classification of organisms to determine evolutionary relationships.
200
Define "adaptation" (include natural selection).
Adaptations enhance survival and reproduction in specific environments and are gradually accumulated. They arise through natural selection.
200
What is the Hardy-Weinberg Principle?
It describes whether or not a population is evolving; in particular, it describes the allele frequency at Time0 vs. Time1.
p2 + 2 pq + q2 = 1
200
What are the two paths to speciation?
Allopatric: most common; geographic barriers
Sympatric: less common; no true geographical separation
200
What two characteristics or processes are essential for life?
Reproduction and metabolism!
200
Give an example of a homologous trait and an analogous trait.
Homologous trait: shared ancestry! Bird's wing, dolphin flipper, human arm
Analogous trait: convergent evolution (similar environmental pressures)! Australian marsupial mole and North American placental mole
300
What are the key points of natural selection? (HINT: there are 3!)
1. Certain individuals survive and reproduce at a higher rate.
2. Natural selection increases match between organism and environment.
3. Environmental changes result in adaptations to new conditions, which leads to new species!
300
What is the difference between Founder effect and Bottleneck effect?
Founder effect is when the starting population is small.
Bottleneck effect is a drastic reduction in population size.
300
Name 4 reproductive barriers that may result in speciation.
It reveals changes in the history of life on earth; sedimentary rocks are deposited into layers called strata, where individuals have been fossilized. It can date the relative ages, and radiocarbon or isotopes can date fossils.
300
List the levels of classification starting with Domain.
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Dear King Phillip Comes Over For Good Soup!
400
The smallest biological unit that can evolve is...
...a population!
400
What are the 5 conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
1. No mutations
2. Random mating
3. No natural selection
4. Large population size
5. No gene flow/migration
MMSSM
400
Define "polyploidy".
Are humans polyploidy?
Cells or organisms containing more than two paired (homologous) sets of chromosomes.
Humans are not polyploidy; they are "diploid", meaning they have two sets of chromosomes, one set from each of the parents.
400
What is the oxygen revolution?
About 2.7 billion years ago, oxygen began accumulating in the atmosphere and rusting iron-rich terrestrial rocks. It provided opportunity for organisms to gain energy from light and allowed organisms to exploit new ecosystems!
400
What is the difference between Maximum Parsimony Approach and Maximum Likelihood Approach?
MAP: Uses the simplest explanation of the tree; Occam's razor
MLA: Most likely sequence of evolutionary events. Makes assumptions about the rate of evolution
500
What are the four supporting lines of evidence that favor evolution?
BONUS: provide examples!
1. Direct observations of change (ex. using HIV viruses)
2. Fossil record (ex. angles of spines on head shield)
3. Homology (ex. similarities in arms of human, cat, dolphin, and bat)
4. Biogeography (ex. Pangaea)
500
PROBLEM: In a given population of 540 individuals, the gene frequency of the L^m and L^n alleles were found to be 0.59 and 0.41 respectively. Calculate the number of individuals with M, MN, and N blood types.
# MM = 188 people
# MN = 261 people
# NN = 91 people
500
Explain, with pictures, the three possible outcomes of hybrid zones.
Reinforcement: strengthening the reproductive barriers
Fusion: weakening reproductive barriers
Stability: continued hybrid production