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Neuron Structure & Function
Glial Cells
Brain Regions
Transcription & Translation
100
What is the flow of information through a neuron?
Dendrite --> Cell body --> Axon --> End foot
100
What are the five types of glial cells?
Ependymal cell, astrocyte, microglial cell, oligodendrioglial cell, schwann cell
100
What are the four lobes of the brain and the general responsibility of each lobe?
Occipital: vision Parietal: tactile functions Temporal: visual, auditory, and gustatory functions Frontal: motor and executive functions
100
What is the product of transcription and translation individually and overall?
Transcription produces mRNA Translation produces sequence of amino acids (polypeptide chain) Overall produce proteins
200
What occurs at each structure in the information flow through a neuron?
Dendrites: collect information from other neurons Cell body: information processed and integrated Axon: carries information to be passed on to other cells Terminal button/end foot: information passed on to its target
200
What shape are astrocytes and why is this important?
Star shaped Provide structural support for neurons
200
What is the hindbrain a region of and what structures does it break down into?
Region of the brainstem Breaks down into cerebellum, reticular formation, pons, medulla
200
Does translation or transcription occur first? Why?
Transcription Protein synthesis begins with DNA strands to produce mRNA Translation begins with mRNA
300
What is a synapse and where is it located?
Gap between one neuron and another neuron where information is passed Usually between an end foot of the axon of one neuron and a dendritic spine of another neuron
300
Which glial cell invade the area of damaged brain cells to provide growth factors that aid in repair?
Microglial cells
300
What does the midbrain break down into? (break it down as far as you can)
Tectum -> inferior and superior colliculi Tegmentum
300
What is a codon and what is it's role in translation?
Sequence of 3 bases on mRNA that codes for a particular amino acid Translates mRNA into amino acids to form a protein
400
What are dendritic spines and why is increased surface area important?
Protrusion from a dendrite that greatly increases its surface area and is the usual point of contact with axons of other cells. Increased surface area is important because it increases the amount of information received, processed, and passed on.
400
What is the difference between oligodendroglial cells and schwann cells?
Oligodendroglial cells are in the CNS Schwann cells are in the PNS They both myelinate axons
400
What are the structures of the diencephalon and what do they control?
Hypothalamus -> hormone function through connections with the pituitary gland; also feeding, sexual behavior, sleeping, temperature regulation, emotional behavior Thalamus -> primary role is sensory processing
400
Describe the entire process of protein synthesis.
1. DNA uncoils to expose gene 2. One strand of gene serves as template for transcribing molecule of mRNA 3. mRNA leaves nucleus and comes in contact with ribosomes in ER 4. As ribosome moves along mRNA, it translates the bases into specific amino acid chain, thus forming a protein
500
What are the three functions of neurons? (explain in detail)
Sensory neurons: carry info from sensory receptors in or on body to spinal cord Interneurons: associate sensory and motor activity within the CNS Motor neurons: send signals form brain and spinal cord to muscles
500
Why can axons regrow in the PNS but not in the CNS?
Repair does not take place in the CNS; regrowth is inhibited Schwann cells leave a chemical trail; oligodendroglial cells do not because they myelinate multiple neurons
500
What are the structures of the limbic system and what do they regulate?
Amygdala Hippocampus Cingulate cortez Regulate emotional and sexual behaviors, memory, and spatial navigation
500
What are the four levels of protein structure?
Primary: amino acid chains Secondary: amino acid chains form pleated sheets or helices Tertiary: sheets and helices fold to form protein Quaternary: proteins combine to form a more complex protein