Attitudes
Identify the three components of attitude structure and how to determine them?
1) Valence → Is the attitude positive or negative?
2) Extremity→ How positive or negative is the attitude?
3) Strength → How strong or weak is the attitude?
Identify the cornerstones of persuasion.
Message effects, Source effects, Audience effects, Context effects
Identify the 6 Norms of Social Influence.
1)Social proof
2)Reciprocity
3)Consistency
4)Liking
5)Scarcity
6)Authority
Define emotional and instrumental aggression .
Emotional → Stems from anger; Intended to inflict pain
Instrumental → Means to an end; Pain is a by-product
Identify the proper name and description for each of the steps in the Five-step Model.
1)Notice the event
2)Interpreting event as emergency
3)Assuming responsibility
4)Knowing how to help
5)Deciding to help
Identify what type of attitude it is, if someone’s attitude toward birthday cards is high in negativity and high in positivity?
an ambivalent attitude
Identify the differences between the two methods of priming?
Supraliminal is aware of the cue but not necessarily its effects.
Subliminal is not aware of the cue or its effects
Which concept is produced by the commands of authority?
Obedience is behavior change produced by the commands of authority
What is the ultimate root cause of aggression in accordance to situational influences ?
Frustration-aggression hypothesis→ Frustration is ultimately the root cause of aggression
In regards to the relationship between helping and altruism, which concept falls underneath as a subcategory to the other?
Altruism is a specific kind of helping.
What theory in attitude formation states “Attitudes form when people encounter information that can be positively or negatively evaluated” ?
Learning Approach
According to message complexity in context, which sort of message works well on TV and why?
Simple messages work well on television because they require low intelligence.
Identify a study that exemplifies informational influence and another that exemplifies normative influence?
Informational: Autokinetic effect study
Normative: Line length study
Why does media violence lead to aggression?
Increases accessibility of violence; Promotes modeling; Leads to desensitization of material
If according to the empathy- alturism hypothesis altruism occurs when people do feel empathy, social exchange occurs when?
People do not feel empathy.
According to cognitive dissonance theory: Dissonance occurs causing us to feel discomfort. Therefore, we are motivated to reduce the dissonance. Identify the three ways to reduce dissonance.
1) Change behavior to fit the cognition
2) Change one dissonant cognition
3) Add a new consonant cognition
Which method of resisting persuasion is associated with doses?
Inoculation hypothesis
A weak dose of persuasion allows people to build up defenses and resist persuasion
“If one person disobeys a teacher, more students are likely to join in.”
This is an example of what concept?
Undermining consensus
Identify two solutions to bullying.
Implement anti-bullying programs; Create new social norms
Which theory helps explain why the bystander effect occurs?
Diffusion of responsibility → Belief among bystanders that others will or should take responsibility to help a person in need;Process that explains the bystander effect
Create a scenario and apply it to the theory of planned behavior. (Be sure to include attitude, subjective norms, perceived control, behavioral intention, and behavior.)
The Elaboration Likelihood Model is used to determine the probability that someone will think carefully on the basis that not everyone will process messages the same way. Which route to persuasion is correlated with low evaluation?
Peripheral route to persuasion is correlated with low elaboration.
What is the difference between door-in-the-face and foot-in-the-door?
Door-in-the-face technique → Ask for a big favor that is likely to be refused, then ask for a smaller favor after this refuse
Foot-in-the-door technique → Ask for something small, then ask for something bigger
What are the most successful strategies in aggression intervention?
Target multiple predictors of aggression; Start in childhood
Which theory hinders step 2 of the five step model from occurring?
Pluralistic ignorance→Bystanders assume that nothing is wrong in an emergency because no one else looks concerned