Learning
the idea that the consequences of our behaviors determine how likely we are to repeat the behavior explains:
operant conditioning
the 3 stages of memory are:
Encoding- forming a memory
Storage- maintaining information in memory over time
Retrieval- recovering information from memory
Happy is a ____ emotion
love is a _____ emotion
primary emotion
secondary emotion
Becca saw that Lily got in trouble when she took an eraser from the teachers desk. Becca knows not to take an eraser from the teachers desk. This is an example of:
observational learning
Each time we retrieve a memory that memory is subject to change, this can be explained by:
Reconsolidation
1. you get a sticker every 5th basket
2. you get a sticker every 15 minutes
are examples of--
1. Fixed Ratio
2. Fixed interval
remembering facts is ________ memory
Remembering experiences is ______ memory
Semantic memory
Episodic memory
The expectations that your work will lead to success is _____
People changing behaviors to achieve goals is _______
Self efficacy
Self regulation
Give an example of variable ratio and variable interval
Variable Ratio: baby giggles at about every few funny faces on average
Variable interval: yelling at the dog for going to the bathroom in the house once you get home from your day at work
Remembering how to ride a bike is ____ memory
Remembering what you had for breakfast this morning is ______ memory
Procedural Memory- riding a bike
Episodic Memory- what you ate for breakfast this morning
Susan would rather get 5 dollars now than 20 dollars next week.
This is an example of:
Temporal Discounting
John had an accident and cant remember anything before it. This is _________
What is the other type?
Retrograde Amnesia
.... other type that creates the ability to form New memories is Anterograde amnesia
Give an example of extrinsic vs intrinsic motivation
Extrinsic motivation- you work everyday of the week to receive a big pay check (external/physical reward) $
Intrinsic motivation- you listen to music because you enjoy it and it brings you pleasure ;)
Give an example of stimulus discrimination vs. generalization
Stimulus Discrimination: when a child asks for candy, she always gets a piece during Grandmas visits but not in her absence
Stimulus Generalization: After being bitten by a poodle, a person becomes afraid of poodles and other types of dogs. (The same fear can be triggered by a pug, even though it is a different breed, has a different color, and looks different)
making the number 128325326 to 128-325-326 is _____
Using "never eat sour watermelons" is a _________
Chunking
Mnemonic
Difference between acquisition and extinction (use the words CS and US), give an example using Pavlov's dog
Acquisition: Bell rings and dog begins to salivate and realize the sound of the bell means food
Extinction: the dog stopped salivating after a while when the bell rang and did not present the food
Given an example if Iconic and Echoic memory:
How could you test them?
What type of memory is Iconic and Echoic?
Iconic memory: A memory of watching a flock of birds fly just above your head last summer
Echoic memory: the song my parents played Christmas morning of 2020
What are 2 UNHELPFUL ways to cope with emotions. Give examples
Rumination: thought spiral (overthinking)
Ex. You tripped going up the steps and you can't stop thinking about a spiral of thoughts like "What if my crush doesn't like me cause of it?... "I guess I am a loser of the school"
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Thought suppression: attempt to not think about it
ex. when you tell yourself try not to think about it, you think about it more
provide an example of sensitization vs. habituation
Sensitization: first week of high school you are bombarded by the alarming sound of the bell
Habituation: you no longer even hear the bell ring by the middle of the school year (you are so used to it.)
Give an example of elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal
Elaborative Rehearsal: using strategies while studying like mnemonics to remember terms (deeply consuming information)
Maintenance Rehearsal: just trying to memorize as much information as possible by repeating over and over
Every time Jenna's mom calls she asks if she's okay. This causes Jenna stress. Now, every time Jenna receives a phone call from her mom she feels stress. What is the NS, UCS, UCR, CS, CR
NS: Jennas mom calls
UCS: Jennas mom asks if she's okay
UCR: Jenna feels stress
CS: Jennas mom calls and asks if she's okay
CR: Jenna feels stressed when her mom calls
I read out loud a list of 20 words, most people remember the first or last few words recalled. This is known as the
Serial Position Effect
(order of presentation)
What are the 3 major theories of emotion.
Explain them.
James Lange- facial expressions trigger the experience of emotions (Ex. Facial feedback hypothesis)
Cannon Bard- we experience two separate things at roughly the same time; emotion and physical reaction
Schachter Singer 2 Factory theory- when people experience arousal, they search for what the source was
You are trying to teach your child to do their homework right when they get home- provide an example of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment and negative punishment
Positive Reinforcement: a toddler is given a cookie every time they uses the potty
Negative Reinforcement: cleans room to stop hearing mom nag about it being a mess
Positive Punishment- when a child refuses to listen to parent, mother gives a time out
Negative Punishment- taking away a Childs phone to stop the bad attitude
What is the encoding specificity principle
The value of retrieving a memory depends on how well it corresponds to the original context
Ex. Studying in same room test will be will help you remember more when taking the test (same context, easier to retrieve memory)
Ex. harder to recognize song lyrics when spoken