Learning
the idea that the consequences of our behaviors determine how likely we are to repeat the behavior explains:
Operant Conditioning
the 3 stages of memory are:
Storage- maintaining information
Retrieval- recovering information from memory
Happy is a ____ emotion
love is a _____ emotion
primary
secondary
Becca saw that Lily got in trouble when she took an eraser from the teachers desk. Becca knows not to take an eraser from the teachers desk. This is an example of:
observational learning
Each time we retrieve a memory that memory is subject to change, this can be explained by:
Reconsolidation
1. you get a sticker every 5th basket
2. you get a sticker every 15 minutes
are examples of--
1. Fixed Ratio
2. Fixed interval
remembering facts is ________ memory
Remembering experiences is ______ memory
Semantic memory - fact
Episode memory- experience (think personal episode)
The expectations that your work will lead to success is _____
People changing behaviors to achieve goals is _______
Self Efficacy - the hard work will pay off
ex. studying for this exam will get me a good grade
Self regulation- changing behavior for goal
ex. I will breathe after getting frustrated instead of screaming and whining like usual
Give an example of variable ratio and variable interval
Variable Ratio: About 3 gum-balls come out on average from turning the lever on a gum ball machine (amount varies)
Variable Interval: every few minutes the elevator will be at your floor (Time varies)
Remembering how to ride a bike is ____ memory
Remembering what you had for breakfast this morning is ______ memory
Procedural memory
Episodic memory
Susan would rather get 5 dollars now than 20 dollars next week.
This is an example of:
Temporal discounting
John had an accident and cant remember anything before it. This is _________
What is the other type?
Retrograde memory - can't remember past memories
Anterograde memory- lose the ability to form new memories
Give an example of extrinsic vs intrinsic motivation
Extrinsic motivation- motivated for physical/external reward
ex. I work hard all week so I can have a big pay check
Intrinsic motivation- motivation to perform an activity just because it brings you joy and pleasure
ex. reading a good book, watching a good movie
Give an example of stimulus discrimination vs. generalization
Stimulus discrimination: a child gets a piece candy only in the presence of grandma but not when she is not present
Stimulus Generalization: you have a fear of rats and there is a white slipper on the floor, you see it and scream in fear (it has a similar context to the original fear factor of a rat)
Ex 2: You got bit by a Great Dane and a cockapoo comes by, you still streak in fear of the small fluffy dog even tho it is smaller and nicer, you are overall scared of all dogs now because of your original incident with the Great Dane
making the number 128325326 to 128-325-326 is _____
Using "never eat sour watermelons" is a _________
Chunking
Mnemonic
Difference between acquisition and extinction (use the words CS and US), give an example using Pavlov's dog
Acquisition- Bell rings and dog salivates, knowing that the bell means food is coming
Extinction- after a while, the bell rings and there is no presentation of food, so the dog no longer salivates to the sound of the bell
Given an example if Iconic and Echoic memory:
How could you test them?
What type of memory is Iconic and Echoic?
Iconic memory- sight memory Ex. I remember seeing the flock of birds fly low over my head last summer
Ex. Seeing specific letters on a screen and remembering those letters when the screen shuts off
Echoic memory- sound memory
Ex. I remember the sound of the song "Body" when the beat drops
What are 2 UNHELPFUL ways to cope with emotions. Give examples
Ex. You trip on the stairs at school and you start to deeply think, "OMG now I'm the school loser" "My crush must have seen that and will never speak to me again!"
Thought suppression- trying not to think about something or feel an emotion
Ex. Telling your self "Don't think about him, don't think about him" you end up thinking about it more
provide an example of sensitization vs. habituation
Sensitization- during your first week of high school the bell rings to switch class and the ring startles you, you jump in shock
Habituation- Your a senior and it is the end of the school year, the bell rings and you don't even notice it (used to the exposure of the bell)
Give an example of elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal
Elaborative Rehearsal: contextualizing information, deeply intaking information
Ex. using strategies like mnemonics and chunking
Maintenance rehearsal: trying to memorize information by repeating and doing over and over again
Ex. Re-reading the same review sheet over and over again
Every time Jenna's mom calls she asks if she's okay. This causes Jenna stress. Now, every time Jenna receives a phone call from her mom she feels stress. What is the NS, UCS, UCR, CS, CR
NS: Jennas mom calling asking if she's okay
UCS: Jennas mom asking if she is okay
UCR: Jenna feels stressed
CS: Jennas mom calls
CR: Jenna feels stressed
I read out loud a list of 20 words, most people remember the first or last few words recalled. This is known as the
Serial position effect
What are the 3 major theories of emotion.
Explain them.
James Lang theory- facial expressions trigger the experience of emotions. ex. facial feedback hypothesis
Cannon Bard- We experience two separate things at roughly the same time Ex. an emotion and physical reaction
Schacher Singer 2 Factory Theory- when people experience arousal, they search for its source
You are trying to teach your child to do their homework right when they get home- provide an example of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment and negative punishment
Positive Reinforcement- your child did all there homework, you give them a bowl of ice cream (reward)
Negative Reinforcement- you do the dishes so your mom stops nagging you that you don't help out around the house (removal of mom nagging)
Positive Punishment- you give your child a time out for fighting with siblings
Ex. You give your player on the football team 30 pushups and running for talking back to the coach (adding unpleasant stimulus)
Negative Punishment- you take away your boys x-box for coming home past his curfew
Ex. Your child doesn't listen about their bed time so you take away part of their screen time at night. They only get 20 minutes at night instead of an hour on their iPad (Removing pleasant stimulus)
What is the encoding specificity principle
The value of a retrieval cue depends on how well it corresponds to the original context
Ex. you study the material on your math test in your math classroom, you can remember more from what you studied when you take your math test in that classroom