Muscle
Random
Bone
Nervous
Joints
100

What is the smallest component of a muscle?

Myosin

100

Describe the types of orders in the reflex center. 

1st order: just the spinal cord

2nd order: brain stem 

3rd order: cerebral cortex

100

Is bone a connective tissue?

YES

100
True or False. Action potentials follow an all or nothing principle

TRUE

100

What is the joint we refer to as the jaw?

Temporomandibular

200

Define the following terms. 

- Origin

- Insertion

Origin: Fixed Proximal end of a muscle 

Insertion: Distal moveable end of a muscle 

200

How does information flow through a neuron? 

Dendrites collect electrical signals

Cell body integrates incoming signals and generates outgoing signal to axon

Axon passes electrical signals to dendrites of another cell or to an effector cell 

200

What are the types of bone marrow? Describe each. 

Red bone marrow: forms blood cells like erythrocytes and leukocytes 

White/Yellow Bone marrow: does not produce blood cells, made up of primarily fat and used for fat storage 

- can return to Red bone marrow if needed 

200

What is the difference between Afferent and Efferent pathways?

Afferent carries information from sensors to the Central Nervous System 

Efferent transmits instructions from CNS to effector organs 

200

What is a bursae?

It provides cushion and reduces friction between bones of the joint 

Only DIARTHROSES joints have this 

300

What are the muscles of the Axial Skeleton?

- Masseter

- Latissimus Dorsi

300

What are the functions of the Cerebral Spinal fluid?

- Acts as a shock absorber

- Protects brain and spinal cord 

- Maintains pressure between brain, spinal cord and bone

300

What are the sections of the vertebral column?

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Caudal 

300

What is the difference between Temporal and Spatial?

- Temporal:  Several small impulses travel down one presynaptic neuron and reach the axon hillock consecutively to cause AP

- Spatial: Several impulses traveling down multiple presynaptic neurons that arrive at the axon hillock at the same time causing an AP

300

Describe the types of joints and their moveability 

Fibrous: Synathroses (immoveable) 

Cartilaginous: Amphiarthoses (slightly moveable) 

Synovial: Diathroses (freely moveable) 

400

What does calcium do during a muscle contraction? 

Calcium is released by the Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Calcium will bind to troponin which causes a shape change in the troponin/tropomyosin-complex

400

Why is the neuron referred to as polar when at resting membrane potential? 

Due to the difference in charge between the intra and extra cellular matrix 

400

Describe the steps for intramembranous ossification. 

1. Ossification centers appear in the fibrous connective tissue membrane

2. Bone matrix is secreted (osteoblasts) within the fibrous membrane and calcifies

3. Woven bone and periosteum forms

4. Lamellar bone replaces woven bone, just deep to the periosteum

400

Why can we dock tails in young animals without the fear of paralysis? 

The Spinal cord ends at L1

400

What are intervertebral disks?

They function as a cushion and is a joint present in the axial skeleton. Has amphiarthroses movement 

500

Explain how different types of muscle utilize different synapse types.

Skeletal uses Chemical to send more minute movements

Smooth and Cardiac uses Electrical to send whole organ contractions

500

What is Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, and Atrophy?

Hypertrophy occurs first and is enlargement by an increase in cell SIZE (cells expanding) 


Hyperplasia is an increase in muscle FIBERS (cell amount) 

Atrophy is a shrinking of muscles due to no longer being actively stimulated. 

500

Describe the steps for Endochondral Ossification 

1. Formation of bone collar around hyaline cartilage model

2. Cavitation of the hyaline cartilage within the cartilage model

3. Invasion of internal cavities by the periosteal bud and spongy bone formation

4. Formation of the medullary cavity as ossification continues; appearance of secondary ossification centers in the epiphyses in prep for stage 5

5. Ossification of the epiphyses; when completed hyaline cartilage remains only in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages

500

Discuss the body's physiological response in either the sympathetic or parasympathetic divisions in response to environmental stimuli. 

Sympathetic:

Dilation of: both pupils and bronchioles of the lungs Increase in: heart (norepinephrine), Blood glucose concentration (release glucose for movement), Blood to skeletal muscles 

Slows down peristalticaction(digestion)  

Decrease in: Glandular secretion, blood to digestive organs, Relaxation of muscles to gallbladder and urinary bladder

Parasympathetic: 

Constriction of: Pupils of eyes, Bronchioles of lungs Decrease in: Heartrate, Blood-glucose concentration, Blood to skeletal muscles 

Increase in: Peristaltic action, Glandular secretion, Blood to digestive organs 

Contracts: Muscles of gallbladder Urinary bladder

500

List the bones from proximal to distal of the Thoracic or Pelvic Limb. 

Thoracic Limb:

- Scapula, Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Carpal Bones, Metacarpal Bones, Phalanges

Pelvic Limb:

- Pelvis, Femur, Patella, Tibia , Tarsal Bones,  Metatarsal Bones, Phalanges