Substance Use
According to the stages of addictive behavior, substance use dependence is __, while substance use disorder is__.
A) When the brain relies on a substance and the user is often powerless to stop; When a person’s drinking or drug use becomes a part of their everyday life
B) When the brain is severely dependent on a substance the user is often powerless to stop; When a person relies on drug of choice more often to solve outward problems so the brain adjusts to chronic use and withdrawal starts to occur
C) When a person relies on drug of choice more often to solve outward problems so the brain adjusts to chronic use and withdrawal starts to occur; When a person orients their daily life around a substance and feels powerless to stop
D)When one experiments with drugs in a social setting; When a person’s drinking or drug use becomes a part of their everyday life
C) When a person relies on drug of choice more often to solve outward problems so the brain adjusts to chronic use and withdrawal starts to occur; When a person orients their daily life around a substance and feels powerless to stop
Which of the following about sleep architecture is false?
A) There are 1-4 stages and REM
B) It is typically measured using actigraphy watches
C) People typically cycle through the stages 3-5 times per night
D) All of these are true
B) It is typically measured using actigraphy watches
Processing and thinking is connected to the ___. While touching and other physical senses are connected to the ___.
A) occipital lobe; temporal lobe
B) Temporal lobe; occipital lobe
C) Frontal lobe; parietal lobe
D) Parietal lobe; frontal lobe
C) Frontal lobe; parietal lobe
Which of the following is true about acute substance use?
A) It will eventually lead to chronic and heavy use
B) It can dysregulate neural regions such as the HPA axis
C) It can cause long-term disruption of the diurnal rhythm of cortisol
D) It can dampen the HPA axis response to stress
D) It can dampen the HPA axis response to stress
On days of lower sleep duration people have
A) great work performance
B) a positive mood
C) being productive
D) greater sensitivity to stress
D) greater sensitivity to stress
What is tolerance?
A) Being able to tolerate others’ drinking or drug use habits.
B) A person coming to terms with their own drinking or drug use habit.
C) Having a higher neurobiological response after repeated exposure
D) A behavioral lack of response to a substance
D) A behavioral lack of response to a substance
A sleep researcher wants to measure sleep behaviors such as movement in everyday sleep. What sleep measure should she use?
A) Wrist actigraphy
B) Polysomnography
C) Daily diary reports
D) All of the above are appropriate measures of sleep to use
A) Wrist actigraphy
Which of the following is true about the myelin sheath
A) Higher levels suggest more gray matter
B) It is a protective covering that allows for neurons to quickly relay messages/communicate
C) All neurons have a myelin sheath to send messages to one another
D) As we get older we want less myelin sheaths on neurons
B) It is a protective covering that allows for neurons to quickly relay messages/communicate
Which of the following is true about adolescent substance use?
A) Substance use becomes more frequent with age
B) There are both internalizing and externalizing pathways to substance use
C) Pathways to substance use suggest multifinality
D) All of the above are true
D) All of the above are true
Acute stress can enhance ___, and worsen ___.
A) Working memory; long term memory
B) Long term memory; working memory
C) Consolidation; retrieval
D) Retrieval; consolidation
C) Consolidation; retrieval
How can substance use affect other people’s health?
A) By way of secondhand smoke
B) Vehicle accidents
C) Both A and B
D) It can’t because it doesn’t directly involve them.
C) Both A and B
Marie needs an alarm clock to wake her up every morning, even then, she snoozes at least once. What might she be experiencing?
A) Sleep debt
B) Excessive sleep
C) Sleep deprivation
D) Sleep latency
C) Sleep deprivation
In the Bucharest Early Intervention Project, researchers found that
A) The never institutionalized group showed the least gray matter
B) All groups had the same rates of both gray and white matter
C) Environment does not affect brain development
D) The amygdala was smaller for those who spent the least time institutionalized, and bigger for those who spent the most time
D) The amygdala was smaller for those who spent the least time institutionalized, and bigger for those who spent the most time
Kim’s parents are concerned and want to know about protective factors for substance use. What is something you could recommend?
A) Having family dinners
B) Improving their relationship with Kim
C) Sharing alcohol with Kim to show her drinking is safe
D) Both A and B
D) Both A and B
Henry is a 15 year old who is having a rough day and feels an increased emotional response to stress. James is his 9 year old brother who experienced a similar day, but doesn’t feel as emotional. This could be due to
A) Lower amygdala activation for Henry but higher for James
B) Higher amygdala activation for Henry but lower for James
C) Higher prefrontal cortex activity for Henry, but lower for James
D) Lower prefrontal cortex activity for Henry, but higher for James
B) Higher amygdala activation for Henry but lower for James
Which of the following about recovery is false?
A) It can be controversial
B) Recovery always ends for everyone
C) It can be different for different people
D) It starts with an individual thinking they do not have a problem
B) Recovery always ends for everyone
Which of the following is most accurate about sleep duration and health?
A) People who sleep for less than 5 hours are at less risk for depression or other illnesses than those who sleep for more than 9 hours
B) People who sleep for more than 9 hours are at less risk for depression or other illnesses than those who sleep for less than 5 hours
C) Both adults who sleep less than 5 or more than 9 hours are likely to be at risk for depression
D) People who sleep more than 9 hours are at risk for diseases like diabetes or stroke
C) Both adults who sleep less than 5 or more than 9 hours are likely to be at risk for depression
Which of the following is an example of neural connections that would get pruned as children get older?
A) Walking
B) Talking
C) Crawling
D) Knowing the alphabet
C) Crawling
One way to support adolescent sleep habits is to
A) Make sure they get 7.5 hours of sleep because this correlated with better test scores and less aggression
B) Make sure they get more than 7.5 hours of sleep because this correlated with better test scores on and less aggression
C) Shift the school start time earlier because research has shown that they will go to sleep earlier
D) Shift the school start time later because research has shown that the time they go to sleep at night does not change
D) Shift the school start time later because research has shown that the time they go to sleep at night does not change
Tommy is a boy and Deidre is a girl. They both are evening chronotypes. Based on the study presented in class, which of the following is true about their substance use risk?
a) Tommy would be at higher risk for substance use than the boys with morning chronotypes
b) Tommy would be at lower risk for substance use than the boys with morning chronotypes
c) Deidre would be at higher risk for substance use than the girls with morning chronotypes
d) Deidre would be at lower risk for substance use than the girls with morning chronotypes
a) Tommy would be at higher risk for substance use than the boys with morning chronotypes
What does the J-shaped curve show us?
A) That high intensity substance use correlates with higher mortality
B) That low intensity and high frequency substance use correlates with higher mortality
C) That high intensity and low frequency substance use correlates with low mortality
D) That abstaining from substance use correlates with low mortality
A) That high intensity substance use correlates with higher mortality
Julian is experiencing issues with sleep and wants to be able to name each part of this process. He sleeps from 12am-7pm, this is ___. It takes him 2 hours to fall asleep, this is ___. He often feels tired during the day, this is ___.
A) Sleep timing, sleep latency, alertness
B) Chronotype, WASO, sleep latency
C) Chronotype, sleep timing, sleep latency
D) WASO, sleep timing, sleep latency
A) Sleep timing, sleep latency, alertness
Compared to gray matter, white matter is
A) More specialized and increases with age
B) Less specialized and increases with age
C) More specialized and decreases with age
D) Less preferred than gray matter
A) More specialized and increases with age
Lower emotional reactivity to a negative experience is related to
A) Insomnia
B) Greater sleep latency
C) Cognitive Intrusion
D) Better Sleep
D) Better Sleep
What does the marriage effect described in class refer to?
a) how people with similar levels of substance use tend to get married
b) how people tend to transition to social use of substances after marriage
c) how people tend to have poorer sleep after sharing a bed
d) how people tend to show similar neurobiological activation after marriage
b) how people tend to transition to social use of substances after marriage