Definitions
The awareness of the sensations, thoughts, and feelings being experienced at a given moment.
Counsciousnes
The pattern of frequency and timing of reinforcement following desired behavior.
schedule of reinforcement
The process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated.
reinforcement
Drugs that influence a person’s emotions, perceptions, and behavior.
psychoactive drugs
three-system memory theory proposes the existence of the three separate memory stores.
A relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience
Learning
A schedule in which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made.
fixed-ratio schedule
A stimulus added to the environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response.
positive reinforcer
Drugs that have an arousal effect on the central nervous system, causing a rise in heart rate, blood pressure, and muscular tension. (Amphetamines, Cocaine)
stimulants
The loss of information in memory through its nonuse.
Decay
The process by which we encode, store, and retrieve information.
Memory
A schedule in which reinforcement occurs after an average number of responses, but the reinforcement schedule is unpredictable.
variable-ratio schedule
An unpleasant stimulus whose removal leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated in the future.
negative reinforcer
Drugs that slow down the nervous system. (Alcohol, Barbiturates, Rohypnol)
depressants
Memory loss that occurs without other mental difficulties.
Amnesia
The process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.
Shaping
A schedule in which reinforcement is provided for a response only after a fixed time period has elapsed.
fixed-interval schedule
Weakens a response by applying an unpleasant stimulus. For instance, spanking a child for misbehaving or sending someone to jail for 10 years for committing a crime are examples of positive punishment.
Positive punishment
Drugs that are capable of producing alterations in perception, thoughts, and feelings. (Marijuana, MDMA, LSD)
Hallucinogens
Memories of a specific, important, or surprising emotionally significant event that are recalled easily and with vivid imagery.
flashbulb memories
A learned technique for refocusing attention that brings about an altered state of consciousness.
Meditation
A schedule by which the time between reinforcements varies around some average rather than being fixed.
variable-interval schedule
Consists of the removal of something pleasant.
Negative punishment
Narcotics are drugs that increase relaxation and relieve pain and anxiety including opiates and opioids. What is the difference between the two?
Opiates are derived from natural substances and Opioids are synthetic narcotics.
can store an almost exact replica of each stimulus to which it is exposed
Sensory Memory