Bivariate Correlations
What are the two variables in Bivariate Correlations?
Quantitative and Categorical
Describe statistical and construct validity.
Statistical- how well the data supports the conclusions drawn from the study
Construct- how well each variable is measured
What context do we call the ‘strength of relationships’?
Effect size
True or false
Researchers should not consider potential third variables that may confound the relationship between the primary variables of interest.
False
Researchers SHOULD consider potential third variables that may confound the relationship between the primary variables of interest.
True or false
Moderators are variables that affect the time or direction of the relationship between two other variables, indicating that the relationship may vary based on the level of the moderator.
False
Moderators are variables that affect the STRENGTH or direction of the relationship between two other variables, indicating that the relationship may vary based on the level of the moderator.
What is the graphical representation of Bivariate Correlations? What is the correlation coefficient?
Scatterplot (positive, negative, or zero)
Correlation coefficient = r (strength/direction)
What is Internal Validity?
What plot do we use when looking at categorical data? What plot do we use when looking at the strength and direction?
Bar graph
Scatterplot (two continuous variables)
Within internal validity is it more or less critical to assess whether a casual relationship can be inferred from the data?
Less critical
Give an example of a moderator.
Gender, age, cultural background, health status
How are quantitative and categorical variables different?
Quantitative = On a continuum (height, weight)
Categorical = classify participants into distinct categories (gender, race)
What is External Validity?
True or false:
Correlational studies cannot support association claims but can establish causation due to the nature of the variable measurement.
False
Correlational studies can support claims but CANNOT establish causation.
True or false
External validity examines the generalizability of findings to broader populations, emphasizing the importance of sample recruitment methods over sample size.
True
What does a moderator do to the relationship between two variables?
Changes
The design of the study is described as what?
Correlational
Operationalization: How were the variables measured? (methods and tools)
Reliability: Questions, consistency (insure measurement accuracy)
Large, medium, small
Large
If a correlational study uses a non-representative sample, the findings may still apply to what?
What does a third variable do to the relationship?
Creates a spurious relationship that misrepresents the association between the primary variables
Give the definition of a Bivariate Correlation.
Bivariate correlations describe the relationship between two measured variables. THINK TWO TWO TWO!!!!
Which validity is crucial to the strength of a relationship?
Statistical validity
_____ of studies is crucial for estimating population associations and confirming the reliability of findings.
Replication
True or false
Moderator variables can influence external validity, affecting how findings apply to different contexts or groups.
True
What two things are crucial when it comes to distinguishing moderators and third variables?
Accurate interpretation of research findings and identifying potential confounding factors