Cognition
According to Piaget, children in the preoperational stage struggle with understanding that the amount of something remains the same despite changes in its shape. What is this concept called?
Conservation
In early language development, children may apply a word too narrowly (e.g., calling only their pet "dog"). What is this called?
underextension
A third-grade teacher only instructs her English language learners in English without support in their native language. What is this approach called?
submersion
What is g factor?
One's general or overall intelligence.
A preschooler believes that the moon is following them when they walk outside at night. What cognitive limitation explains this?
Egocentrism, a characteristic of Piaget’s preoperational stage, where children struggle to see the world from perspectives other than their own.
Piaget identified four stages of cognitive development. Name the stage in which children develop the ability for hypothetical and abstract thinking.
Formal operational stage
A child says, “My feets are cold” instead of “My feet are cold.” What language error are they making?
overregularization
Research shows that it is generally more difficult for children to learn second languages than adults over the age of 35 years old.
False
What type of intelligence is based on accumulated knowledge and experience?
Crystallized
A teacher notices that boys in the class have more extreme variations in math performance—some excelling and others struggling significantly. What research finding does this support?
Boys’ abilities tend to be more variable, meaning they are more likely to be at both the high and low ends of the ability spectrum.
Which type of memory is most affected by infantile amnesia, making it difficult for adults to recall events from early childhood?
episodic memory
True or False: We expect 16-18 month babies to ask short questions and respond in short sentences.
False. At 18 months babies should know 5 to 40 words.
True or False: Approximately 19% percent of students in k-12 express that English is their 2nd language.
As of 2016, approx. 10% of K-12 students.
Studies show that identical twins raised in the same home have more similar IQ scores than those raised separately. This suggests intelligence is influenced by what factor?
environment
A bilingual student is frequently disciplined for not following verbal instructions in class. What civil rights concern does this raise, and how might the school address it?
Language barriers may lead to unfair discipline. The school should provide language support, ensure clear communication, and train teachers in culturally responsive practices.
A child sees a tall glass of water poured into a short, wide cup and insists there is now less water. According to Piaget, what stage is this child likely in?
preoperational stage
A researcher finds that 10-year-old children process information faster than 5-year-olds. What brain process likely explains this improvement?
myelination, which speeds up neural communication
According to research, what is the most effective method for teaching English to non-native speakers?
Providing intensive instruction in English while initially teaching other subjects in the student’s native language
A teacher wants to improve students’ reading comprehension by teaching them strategies like summarizing and questioning the text. What type of cognitive process is she promoting?
metacognition
A preschool teacher is trying to increase phonological awareness in students. What activities would be most beneficial? (name 2)
Rhyming games, syllable claps, and phoneme manipulation activities.
Research on adolescent brain development suggests that increased risk-taking during puberty is due to an imbalance between which two brain regions?
limbic system and prefrontal cortex
What component of language involves adjusting speech depending on the social context, such as speaking differently to a teacher than to a friend?
pragmatics
Research shows that children learning two languages simultaneously may have slight delays in vocabulary growth. However, what long-term cognitive benefits do bilingual children gain?
improved executive function, including better attention control and problem-solving skills
A school wants to create a more equitable intelligence assessment. What are some key considerations they should take into account? (name 2)
Reduce cultural bias, use dynamic assessments, consider multiple intelligences, and focus on performance-based tasks rather than standardized tests.
If a child is struggling with phonics and reading comprehension, how could an understanding of emergent literacy help a teacher design interventions? (name 2)
Teachers can emphasize phonological awareness, letter-sound relationships, and interactive reading strategies to build foundational literacy skills.