Phoneme Fundamentals
Which are typically longer in duration, vowels or consonants?
Vowels
True or False:
All nasals are sonorants.
True
Obstruents – produced with complete or narrow constriction of the vocal tract
● Sound source not always in the larynx.
● Sound source can be noise (turbulence) created at point of constriction.
Sonorants – produced with resonance occurring throughout the entire vocal tract.
● Sound soured is in the larynx.
● Little constriction in the vocal tract.
● Little turbulence in the airstream.
Identify /i/ using height and advancement.
High, front
What are cognates?
consonants occurring in voiced-voiceless pairs – same place and manner, different voicing
Transcribe the word “ships.”
/ʃɪps/
Transcribe "next stop"
/nɛkstɑp/
Vowels have a more complete constriction (closure) than consonants
False
Write the symbol for the voiced bilabial stop
/b/
Which vowel is high, back, and rounded?
/u/
What is the voiced cognate of /p/?
/b/
Transcribe the word “chicken.”
/ʧɪkɪn/
What phonological process is a child with the following productions demonstrating:
Please, I try climbing
/piz aɪ taɪ kaɪmɪŋ/
Cluster reduction
True or false:
The primary articulator for the vowel is the tongue
True
Write the symbol for the voiced labiodental fricative.
/v/
What is the tense counterpart of /ɪ/?
/i/
What is the cognate of /z/?
/s/
Transcribe the word “garage.”
/ɡəɹɑʒ/
Transcribe "she's got it"
/ʃiz gɑɾ ɪʔ/
Describe one key acoustic difference between vowels and consonants.
Vowels: less complete constriction (closure), typically longer in duration, can stand alone, sound source for all vowels is at the vocal folds
Consonants: more complete constriction, typically shorter in duration, sound source varies (e.g., vocal fold vibration and noise, noise only)
Describe place, voice, and manner for /ʃ/?
Voiceless, palatal, fricative
Compare /ɛ/ and /æ/ in terms of height and advancement.
/ɛ/ = mid-front; /æ/ = low-front
What is the cognate of /ʃ/?
/ʒ/
Transcribe the word "Broccoli"
/brɑkəli/
What phonological process is a child with the following productions demonstrating:
See the Sun
/ti də tʌn/
Stopping
/s/ → /t/
/ð/ → /d/
What are the four main dimensions used to describe vowels?
Height, advancement, tension, rounding
Describe place, voice, and manner for /ŋ/?
Voiced, velar, nasal
What are the 4 corner vowels
/i/
/æ/
/u/
/ɑ/
Which of the following is not a cognate pair: /f,v/, /t,d/, /m,n/, /s,z/?
/m,n/
Transcribe the word “decision.”
/disɪʒɪn/
Transcribe "Did you go"
/dɪdʒə goʊ/
Name the 3 main ways we categorize consonants and what the categories tell us.
Place - Where the constriction occurs
Manner - How the air is modified
Voice - Is voice on or off (vocal fold vibration on or off)
Describe place, voice, and manner for /ʤ/.
Voiced, palatal, affricate
Transcribe the following words, "ear," "air," "or," "are," "tour"
● /ɪɹ/
● /ɛɹ/
● /ɔɹ/
● /ɑɹ/
● /tʊɹ/
List all the cognates for /b, d, g, v, ð, z, ʒ, dʒ/
/p, t, k, f, θ, s, ʃ, ʧ/
Transcribe the word "superficial"
/supɚfɪʃl/
/supɚfɪʃəl/
What phonological process is a child with the following productions demonstrating:
The giraffe chews
/ðə ʒɚæf ʃuz/
Deaffrication
/dʒ/ → /ʒ/ in giraffe
/tʃ/ → /ʃ/ in chews