Classical Conditioning by example
This Russian physiologist discovered classical conditioning
Who was Ivan Pavlov?
Some reinforcers occur naturally and do not need to be learned, but these (e.g., money or grades) need to be learned.
What are secondary reinforcers?
Repeating a number over and over again to keep it in working memory is this type of rehearsal
What is maintenance rehearsal?
The term used to describe visual sensory memory
What is iconic memory?
The number you would get on an IQ test if your IQ is average
What is 100?
In Pavlov's experiment, salivating to the sound of the bell is an example of this
What is the conditioned response?
Workers on an apple farm are paid for every basket of apples they pick, an example of this schedule of reinforcement
What is a fixed ratio schedule?
The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two
What is the capacity of STM according to George Miller (1965)?
According to this principle, if you were feeling sad when you studied for Exam 2, your recall would be better if you were sad during the exam itself.
What is mood-dependent memory?
This psychologist developed a theory of multiple intelligences
Who is Howard Gardner?
Watson and Rayner pairing the sight of a white rat with a loud clanging sound that frightened Little Albert is an example of this
What is acquisition?
Store managers not knowing when someone is coming in to inspect the store, although they know it’s happening once a quarter is an example of this schedule of reinforcement
What is variable interval reinforcement?
The three types of memory in the three-stage model of memory
What are sensory, short term, and long-term memory?
Your memory of your last birthday is an example of this type of memory
What is episodic memory?
The term used to describe the substantial and consistent rise in average IQ scores observed over the past century in numerous countries
What is the Flynn Effect?
A war veteran's response to battlefield trauma that is now evoked by fireworks is an example of this
What is stimulus generalization?
The removal of an unpleasant stimulus to increase a desired behavior is referred to as this
What is negative reinforcement?
Memory for how to ride a bike is an example of this type of LTM
What is procedural memory?
Knowing that the river running through Boston is called the Charles is an example of this type of memory
What is semantic memory?
A statistic that measures the degree of genetic variation in a population for a given trait (e.g., intelligence)
What is heritability?
The bell in Pavlov's experiment, before it was paired with food, is an example of this
What is the neutral stimulus?
Thorndike defined it as "responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation, and responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again in that situation."
What is the law of effect?
The inability to form new memories after an incident (e.g., a car accident or illness)
What is anterograde amnesia?
Recall for words at the beginning of a list (which is better than recall for words in the middle) demonstrates this effect
What is the primacy effect?
The extent to which a research questionnaire measures what it is intended to measure
What is validity?