Chapter 7
The specific process of manipulating information mentally by forming concepts, solving problems, making decisions and reflecting critically or creatively.
What is thinking?
How people's environmental and social experiences shape their development.
What is nurture?
The force that moves people to behave, think, and feel as they do
What is motivation?
The warm, accepting, love and non-judgmental feedback you receive from others (or yourself) that conveys the message that you are a worthy person as you are.
What is unconditional positive regard?
The mental process of finding an appropriate way to attain a goal when the goal is not readily available.
What is problem solving?
A person's ability to recover from or adapt to difficult times.
What is resilience?
This theory says unmet biological needs (physiological) cause unpleasant sensations that motivate or drive a person to meet those needs and reach homeostasis.
What is drive reduction theory?
The theory in personality that stresses that personality consists of broad, enduring dispositions that tend to lead to characteristic ways of behaving (i.e., this perspective minimizes the importance of the environment).
What is trait theory?
An example of this is only thinking of a cup as a liquid or drink holder when you're looking for a pen holder for your desk.
What is functional fixedness?
The primary question of this psychosocial stage of development is "Can I determine who I am?"
What is identity vs role confusion?
Type of motivation in which the behavior itself is the reward and the driver of the behavior.
What is intrinsic motivation?
The theory of personality that emphasizes the importance of environmental factors (e.g., punishment and reinforcement) as well as cognitive factors (e.g., expectations and beliefs) while minimizing the importance of traits.
What is social cognitive theory?
An example of this is holding the belief that people from Arlington are shallow, and only paying attention to incidents that support this belief while discounting any contradictory information.
What is confirmation bias?
When you learned that plants are carnivorous (e.g., they can eat flies) you adjusted your schema for plants using this process.
What is accommodation?
The process by which an individual effortfully controls behavior to pursue important objectives
What is self-regulation?
The three structures of personality (and a brief description of each) according to psychoanalytic theory.
What are the id (our primal drive that directs behavior toward pleasure), the superego (the "conscience" that enforces societal rules and morality) and the ego (the "us" that we experience, that operates on the reality principle by balancing/negotiating the input of the id, the superego and reality)?
Two metrics of a psychological measure (and their definitions) used to determine whether the measure is suitable for use.
What is reliability or repeatability/consistent results and
what is validity or the extent to which the measure actually measures what it purports to measure?
Three critical tasks (or key challenges) associated with the sensorimotor and preoperational stages in Piaget's theory of cognitive development and an example or definition of each.
What are:
objection permanence (objects continue to exist when they are not seen);
egocentrism (inability to see from another's perspective), and;
conservation (permanence of certain attributes of objects despite superficial changes)
The three components (and corresponding definitions) of self determination theory.
What is:
competence (self efficacy and mastery)
autonomy (in control of own life and self-motivate)
relatedness (engage in warm relations with others)
The definition of reciprocal determinism including the three primary components
What is the idea that personality is a dynamic, reciprocating (or two way) interaction between one's cognitive factors (e.g., beliefs and expectations), the environment and behavior