fundamental
What are tissues
four main classes of connective tissue
Connective tissue proper, Cartilage, Bone, Blood
two types of cells in nervous tissue and functions
Neurons which conduct signals; Supporting cells that insulate and protect neurons.
Which tissues regenerate well, mildly well, not well at all
Well: epithelium, bone, areolar connective, dense irregular, blood forming tissue
Mild: Smooth muscle, dense regular, skeletal muscle
None: Cardiac, Nervous
Structure of papillary layer and how it affects function of phagocytes in layer.
Name all shapes and layer types of epithelium
Simple, stratified; squamous, cuboidal, columnar
Difference between holocrine, merocrine, exocrine glands.
Exocrine sends stuff outside via duct, Merocrine via exocytosis, holocrine via cell rupturing.
What is arrector pili and what does it do
What is the hypodermis, why is it talked about with skin, even if it is not skin?
It anchors skin to muscle, allows skin to slide over muscle, acts as shock absorber and insulator.
Describe how skin acts as a chemical barrier and physical barrier, and biological barrier.
Chemical: Low pH skin secretions stop bacteria from multiplying
Physical Barrier: Continuous, stretchy, waterproof (bc gylcolipids), has layers
Biological Barrier: Dendritic cells and Macrophages.
Stratified epithelium named after apical or basal layer?
apical
3 types of loose connective, 3 types dense
areolar, reticular, adipose
regular, irregular, elastic
Difference between Cutaneous, Mucous, and Serous Membranes
Cutaneous is skin and made of keratinized stratified squamous on dense irregular
Mucous is wet that line cavities that are exposed to outside, stratified squamous and simple columnar over connective tissue lamina propria
Serous between closed body cavities lining organs, made of simple squamous over loose areolar
Three pigments that contribute to skin color?
Melanin: reddish yellow, or brownish black
Carotene: found in food contributes to orange color
Hemoglobin: Reddish hue, found in blood
How are the eccrine (merocrine) and apocrine sweat glands different in their location, secretions, and time period when they are active?
Eccrine: on most of skin and used for cooling, regulated by sympathetic nervous system
Apocrine: sweat glands confined to axillary and anogenital regions, produce fat and protein-rich true sweat. May be sexual signals.
glandular epithelium vs. lining epithelium
secretes vs. covering.
which skin layer is vascularized and which is not
Dermis vascularized, epidermis no
difference between keratinization in hair root and hair shaft
Keratin in hair root is soft; hair shaft has hard keratin that does not flake off and is more durable.
How do different fiber types result in hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage
Hyaline: many invisible collagen fibers, allow it to be flexible (ribs)
Elastic: Many more elastic fibers that allow recoil after stretching (in ears)
Fibro: regular strands of collagen fiber, resists compression (spine)
Function of keratinocytes, melanocytes, Dendritic cells, tactile cells?
Keratinocytes; produce fibrous protective keratin protein
Melanocytes: make melanin pigment
Dendritic cells; macrophages that activate immune
tactile: touch nerves
gland that secretes into blood, gland that secretes onto skin
endocrine (no ducts) vs exocrine glands (ducts)
Which is mitotic layer of skin, which is dead keratin, what is happening to shape?
Compare and contrast the 3 types of muscle tissue
Cardiac; involuntary, Striated and have intervertebral disks
Skeletal; Voluntary and striated
smooth; Involuntary, non-striated, found in intestines
Structure and function of reticular tissue
Only contain reticular fibers, forms a "net or mesh" in body that supports other free floating cells.
Describe the malignancy, ability to metastasize, and treatment for these types of skin cancers: basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma.
Basal cell: Least malignant, rare metastasis, Full cure by surgical excision
Squamous cell: Tends to grow fast and metastasize. Surgical and radiation is good.
Melanoma: Most Malignant, highly metastatic, surgical, immuno, radiation, or targeted gene therapy