Consciousness
What distinguishes a biological rhythm from a circadian rhythm?
Biological rhythms are recurring patterns of biological activity; circadian rhythms specifically operate on an approximately 24-hour cycle.
A student begins submitting assignments earlier because early submissions earn a small bonus. Which broad type of learning is illustrated?
Operant conditioning
Remembering the conversation you had at your graduation dinner illustrates which type of explicit memory?
Episodic memory
“Vehicles” groups together buses, bicycles, cars, and trains. What is the general term for this mental category?
Concept
Someone practices guitar because playing feels enjoyable, even though no one rewards or evaluates them. Identify the motivation.
Intrinsic motivation
Which brain structure helps coordinate daily biological rhythms
The suprachiasmatic nucleus
A beginner watches a teammate receive praise for encouraging others and starts encouraging others too. What is this called?
Without rehearsal, about how long does information typically remain in short-term memory? How does long-term memory’s capacity compare?
Approximately 15–30 seconds; long-term memory has a vastly larger, virtually unlimited capacity.
At a café, you expect to order, pay, wait, and collect your drink. Which type of schema guides this sequence?
Event schema
A runner chooses an ambitious personal goal because accomplishing something difficult feels satisfying. Which social motive is emphasized?
Achievement
A student says, “Sleeping after studying is wasted time because my brain isn’t doing anything useful.” How does the cognitive approach address this claim?
Sleep supports learning, memory, and other cognitive functions. It can help consolidate what the student studied.
A teenager loses access to their gaming console after breaking a rule, and rule-breaking decreases. Identify the consequence and explain both parts of its name.
Negative punishment: something desirable is removed, and the behavior decreases.
You temporarily cannot retrieve a familiar actor’s name. Which memory difficulty is this?
Blocking
The ending “-ed” adds past-tense meaning to “walk.” What language unit is it, and how does it differ from a phoneme?
A morpheme, the smallest meaningful unit. A phoneme is a basic unit of speech sound.
After doing poorly on a practice quiz, one student thinks, “I can improve if I change how I study.” What belief does this illustrate, and how might it affect behavior?
High self-efficacy
A sleeper is difficult to awaken and is considered to be in slow-wave sleep. Identify the stage and contrast it with light, transitional sleep.
NREM stage 3. Unlike stage 1, it is deep, slow-wave sleep from which awakening is more difficult.
A child watches a dance demonstration and remembers the sequence but cannot coordinate the movements. Which observational-learning process is the main difficulty?
Reproduction—physically performing the observed behavior.
You write everything you remember about yesterday’s lecture on a blank page. Which retrieval process are you using
Recall
During a disagreement, someone notices another person’s distress and manages their own frustration before responding. Which form of intelligence does this illustrate?
Emotional intelligence
Two people of similar size expend different amounts of energy while resting. Which concept helps explain this difference?
Metabolic rate
One substance increases alertness and arousal; another profoundly changes perceived colors and the passage of time. Identify the two drug categories.
Stimulants & Hallucinogens
A brief tone initially causes no reaction in a participant. Researchers repeatedly play it immediately before a puff of air to the eye. The air naturally causes blinking. Eventually, the tone alone produces blinking.
Identify:
One student repeats a definition. Another connects it to something that happened at work.
Name each rehearsal strategy.
Active rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal
A museum guide explains an exhibit using information accumulated over decades. Which type of intelligence is most apparent?
Crystallized intelligence
A student claims that anorexia can be explained entirely by unrealistic media images. We went over a BUNCH, so name a few to explain why that's wrong.
Media pressures can contribute, but risk involves interacting biological, psychological, and environmental factors, such as genetic vulnerability, perfectionism, stressful experiences, and cultural expectations.