Lab Review
Live organisms, blood, tissue samples, and used gloves are examples of
What are Biohazards
Raising this factor generally increases reaction rates by providing molecules with more kinetic energy, until the point where the enzyme denatures.
What is temperature
These junctions form a watertight seal between adjacent animal cells, preventing fluids from leaking across tissue layers, such as in the lining of the stomach.
What are tight junctions
During this first step of cell signaling, a signaling molecule (ligand) binds to a specific receptor protein.
What is reception
In an oxidation-reduction reaction, the substance that loses an electron is said to be
What is Oxidized
A student observes Bacillus beneath a 100X objective (using immersion oil, of course). What is the total magnification of the prokaryote?
What is 1000X
This type of inhibitor binds directly to the active site, physically blocking the substrate from entering
What is a competitive inhibitor
These are the direct channels between adjacent plant cells, allowing water, ions, and small molecules to pass through the cell walls
What are Plasmodesmata
Because they easily pass through the cell membrane, lipid-soluble molecules (like steroid hormones) bind to receptors located here.
What is the cytosol (or intracellular space/nucleus)
In the enzymes lab, you plotted the absorbance of guaiacol formed from the catalytic activity of peroxidase as a function of time. The slope of the line on the graph of absorbance vs. time is equal to
What is the rate of enzyme activity
In a bibliography, the following comes first in the written entry
What is the 1st author's last name
In the equation Delta G = (Delta H) - T(Delta S), this specific variable represents the "disorder" or randomness of the system
What is S (entropy)
In plant cells, this large organelle maintains turgor pressure; in animal cells, they are much smaller and used for storage or transport.
What is the central vacuole
This third step is the specific cellular action triggered by the transduced signal, such as activating an enzyme or altering gene expression.
What is, the response
These acidic sacs contain digestive enzymes used to break down macromolecules, damaged organelles, or engulfed bacteria.
What are lysosomes
You’ve accidentally cut too many potatoes, and it will be a day before you can use them to make hash browns. If you want them to remain crisp, how should they be stored?
What is, refrigerated, in distilled water
This is the biological strategy of using the energy released from an exergonic reaction (like ATP hydrolysis) to power an endergonic one.
What is energetic coupling
This double-membrane structure contains the majority of the cell's genetic material and is continuous with the Rough ER
What is the nuclear envelope
In a phosphorylation cascade, this specific type of enzyme transfers a phosphate group from ATP to a protein, typically activating it
What is a kinase
These hollow tubes made of tubulin act as "railroad tracks" for motor proteins like kinesin and dynein.
What are microtubules
Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions by
What is lowering the activation energy of a reaction
This theory describes how an enzyme undergoes a slight conformational change in shape to bind its substrate more tightly upon contact.
What is induced fit
These organelles in animals contain the enzyme catalase, which breaks down the toxic byproduct hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into water and oxygen
What are peroxisomes
This final step is crucial for ensuring the cell remains sensitive to future signals; without it, the cell pathway would remain permanently locked in the "on" position.
What is termination (or signal deactivation)?
Proteins destined for the nucleus must possess this specific "zip code" or tag of amino acids.
What is a nuclear localization sequence (NLS)
-bonus 200pts for the inverse of this