Respiration
which of the following conditions would most likely result in hypoxia in a freshwater fish?
A. a cold pond located at high elevation
B. a cold pond located at low elevation
C. a warm pond located at high elevation
D. a warm pond located at low elevation
C. a warm pond located at high elevation
What are the osmotic challenges faced by a freshwater fish?
A. water enters its body from the environment
B. solutes diffuse out of the body into the environment
C. water tends to diffuse out of the body into the environment
D. both A and B
D. both A and B
Which structure of the nephron is highly variable in its permeability to water because the concentration of aquaporins in the membrane of the cells can vary?
collecting duct
3
Which of the following is/are true regarding an aspiration pump?
A. It is characteristic of the respiratory system in fish.
B. It evolves when lungs first evolve.
C. It involves creating negative pressure in the lungs.
D. Positive pressure is created in the buccal cavity to push air into the lungs.
C. it involves creating negative pressure in the lungs
which of the following would shift the oxygen binding/dissociation curve to the left?
A. If the temperature decreased
B. If the partial pressure of oxygen increased
C. If the acidity increased
D. If the acidity decreased
D. if acidity decreased
Which of the following are not filtered out of the glomerulus or reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule?
A. Proteins
B. Glucose
C. Water
D. Ions
A. proteins
Following binding of an antigen to B cell receptors and presentation of the antigen by B cells to T helper cells during the humoral immune response, which of the following will occur?
A. Mast cells produce histamines
B. Cytotoxic T cells replicate
C. B cells differentiate into plasma cells and begin secreting antibodies
D. T helper cells die
C. B cells differentiate into plasma cells and begin secreting antibodies
when a muscle is contracted, Z-lines move further apart or closer together?
closer together
as red blood cells, travel from the lungs to metabolically active tissues, the increase in acidity will increase or decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen
decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen
positive pressure is created in the lungs
in mammals, metabolic wastes are excreted as ______
urea
which of the following may result in clonal deletion?
A. the overproduction of histamines
B. an antibody that recognizes a self antigen
C. destruction of B cells by cytotoxic T cells
D. binding of a foreign antigen to the receptor on the surface of a B cell
B. an antibody that recognizes a self antigen
What is considered the "reservoir" of calcium in the muscle cell
sarcoplasmic reticulum
T helper cells
Which is the correct path of air in mammals during exhalation?
A. Alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx, nasal/oral cavity
B. Alveoli, bronchi, diaphragm, mouth, trachea
C. Nasal/oral cavity, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, pharynx, larynx
D. Nasal/oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi
A. alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, larynx, nasal/oral cavity
which of the following is likely to occur if the glomerular filtration rate decreases?
A. dilation of the efferent glomerular arteriole
B. decreased Na+ reabsorption
C. reduced renin production
D. increased thirst and water consumption
D. increased thirst and water consumption
What region(s) of an antibody binds to the epitope of the antigen?
variable regions of the heavy and light chains
what causes rigor mortis?
when ATP production stops with death, there is no ATP to bind to myosin to release it from actin
lysozymes...
A. May be found in mucus
B. May result in the rupturing of pathogens
C. All of the above
D. Are produced by cells in mucus membranes
C. all the above
Which of the following is a primary cause of respiratory distress that typically ensues following infection by coronavirus?
A. Lung epithelial cells are overexposed to angiotensin II (angiotensin)
B. Lung epithelial cells are overexposed to aldosterone
C. ACE2 receptors on lung epithelial cells are inactivated by the virus
D. A and C
D. A and C
Which of the following conditions would promote the production of highly concentrated urine?
A. A low concentration of NaCl in the renal medulla and a low concentration of ADH in the blood
B. A high concentration of NaCl in the renal medulla and a high concentration of ADH in the blood
C. A low concentration of NaCl in the renal medulla and a high concentration of ADH in the blood
D. A high concentration of NaCl in the renal medulla and a low concentration of ADH in the blood
B. A high concentration of NaCl in the renal medulla and a high concentration of ADH in the blood
Which of the following would be expected to decrease the magnitude of the secondary immune response of the host organism to a pathogen (e.g., responses of memory cells)?
A. If reinfection occurs relatively rapidly following the first infection.
B. During reinfection, the pathogen enters the host organism via a different route than the first time it invaded the host.
C. The pathogen evolves during the interval between the first and second infections.
D. The pathogen uses anaerobic pathways for ATP production.
All the above.
C. the pathogen evolves during the interval between the first and second infections
what source of muscle ATP is available within seconds, but has limited capacity?
glycolytic system
Which of the following may occur if antibodies are secreted by plasma cells?
A. Activation of the complement system
B. Precipitation of dissolved antigens
C. All the above
D. Agglutination of the microbe invader
E. Neutralization of the pathogen
C. all of the above