Cellular Organization
This level of biological organization consists of specialized structures within a cell that perform distinct functions, such as energy production, protein synthesis, and waste processing
What are organelles?
This type of cell contains membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus.
What is a eukaryote?
Microbes are used in this process to clean up oil spills and toxic waste in the environment.
What is bioremediation?
A process where the cell releases substances by fusing vesicles with the plasma membrane.
What is exocytosis?
These proteins embedded in the membrane catalyze chemical reactions at the membrane surface.
What are enzymatic proteins?
This large organelle in plant cells stores water, nutrients, and waste, and helps maintain turgor pressure.
What is the central vacuole?
This structure is made up of phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates, and controls what enters and exits the cell.
What is the cell membrane?
This protective layer surrounds some bacteria, helping them evade the immune system and resist drying out.
What is a bacterial capsule?
These proteins are embedded within the membrane
What is an integral protein?
This type of solution has a higher concentration of solutes than the cell, causing water to leave the cell.
What is a hypertonic solution?
These hollow, rod-like structures made of tubulin are part of the cytoskeleton and help with cell shape, transport, and division.
What are microtubules?
This property of the cell membrane allows it to regulate the movement of substances in and out of the cell by permitting some molecules to pass while blocking others.
What is selective permeability?
These resident microorganisms help digest food, produce vitamins, and protect against harmful pathogens.
What is the normal microbiota?
These proteins help cells identify and communicate with each other, aiding the immune system in distinguishing self from non-self.
What are cell recognition proteins?
This structure controls what enters and exits the cell and helps maintain homeostasis.
What is the plasma membrane?
These short, hair-like structures are made of microtubules and can increase surface area.
What are cilia?
Phospholipids in the plasma membrane are arranged with hydrophilic heads facing outward and hydrophobic tails facing inward.
What is the orientation of phospholipids in the plasma membrane?
Unlike bacterial cell walls, these structures in archaea lack peptidoglycan and may contain pseudopeptidoglycan or other unique polymers.
What is the cell wall of archaea?
Small nonpolar molecules, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide,
What are molecules that can diffuse freely across the membrane?
Even after this state is reached, molecules continue to move randomly across the membrane.
What is equilibrium?
This foundational concept in biology states that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and all cells come from pre-existing cells.
What is the cell theory?
These ribosomes float freely in the cytoplasm and produce proteins used within the cell, while those attached to the endoplasmic reticulum synthesize proteins destined for secretion or membrane insertion.
What is the difference between free ribosomes and ER-bound ribosomes?
These tiny organisms play a vital role in nutrient cycling, oxygen production, and decomposition.
What are microbes?
Temperature, molecule size, and concentration gradient all influence how quickly substances diffuse across membranes.
What are the factors that affect the rate of diffusion?
These small nonpolar molecules, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, can pass freely through the plasma membrane.
What are molecules that can diffuse freely across the membrane?