Sociocultural
refers to the behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a particular group of people that are passed on from generation to generation
Culture
Difficulty in learning that involves understanding or using spoken or written language
Learning Disability
A relatively permanent influence on behavior, knowledge, and thinking skills, which comes about through experience.
Learning
Learning to use what they have learned in previous circumstances to adapt their responses to a new situation.
Self-modification
is a type of learning in which an organism learns to connect, or associate, stimuli.
Classical conditioning
•Gives priority to personal goals.
•Values include feeling good and personal distinction.
•Fosters independence.
Individualism
Difficulty with phonological skills and comprehension.
Severe impairment in the ability to read and spell
Dyslexia
Behavioral Approaches to Learning
•Classical conditioning.
•Operant conditioning.
Metacognitive Activity
•Students consciously adapt and manage their thinking strategies during problem solving and purposeful thinking.
•Processing information with little effort.
Automaticity
•Values group and personal goals are subordinated.
•Encourages interdependence of group members.
•Supports harmonious relationships.
Collectivism
A disorder that involves a lack of muscle coordination, shaking, or unclear speech
Cerebral palsy
Reduces anxiety by getting the individual to associate deep relaxation with successive visualizations of increasingly anxiety–producing situations.
Systematic Desensitization
____ and ____ of connections between neurons that produces fewer but stronger connections.
Blooming and pruning
is a form of learning in which the consequences of behavior produce changes in the probability that the behavior will occur.
Operant Conditioning
Students whose native language is not English are taught in two ways.
Instruction in English only.
Dual–language approach.
This disorder is characterized by persistent impairment in reciprocal social communication and social interaction, as well as restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities
Autism (ASD)
Involves teaching new behaviors by reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior.
Shaping
Memory’s Time Frames includes these 3
•Sensory memory: Retains information for an instant.
•Short-term memory: Limited capacity and retains for 30 seconds without rehearsal.
•Long-term memory: Unlimited capacity over a long period of time.
Getting information into memory
Encoding
Improving Relationships Among Children from Different Ethnic Groups
Multicultural Education
Speech Disorders impact..., include (at least 3)
Articulation
Voice
Fluency
• Reinforce after a set number of responses.
•Reinforce after an average but unpredictable number of responses.
•Reinforce appropriate responses after a fixed amount of time.
•Reinforce appropriate responses after a variable amount of time.
Fixed–Ratio
Variable–Ratio:
Fixed–Interval
Variable–Interval:
To improve knowledge and promote understanding of material, educators should assist the organization of knowledge through these 5 techniques.
•Teach mnemonics.
•Method of loci.
•Rhymes.
•Acronyms.
Keyword.
___ is a rewarding stimulus.
___ is a removal of aversive stimulus.
___ Removal of pleasant stimulus.
___ Presentation of aversive stimulus.
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Punishment (negative)
Punishment (positive)