Carbohydrates
What is the monomer of a carbohydrate?
monosaccharide
What are the monomeric components of triglycerides?
Glycerol, and 3 fatty acids
What are the monomeric components of nucleic acids?
Nucleotide- composed of sugar, nitrogenous base and a phosphate group
What are the monomeric components of a protein?
Amino Acids
What are the 4 common structures/molecules across ALL cell types?
DNA, plasma membrane, ribosomes, cytosol
What is the general function of carbohydrates for living organisms?
Describe the make-up of a phospholipid. Also describe is reaction to water.
Phospholipids are amphipathic, meaning they have a water loving and a water fearing side.
What are the 4 nucleotides in DNA, and what are their binding pairs.
Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine.
A-T
G-C
What is the name of the bond that forms between two protein monomers?
Peptide Bond
What organelle contains the DNA? What id a nucleolus?
The Nucleus.
The nucleolus is within the nucleus and is where the ribosomes are made from RNA and Protein.
What is the name of the bond that forms between two monosaccharides?
glycosidic bond (linkage)
Both Cholesterol and Cortisol are classified as lipids, but they are also referred to as what?
Steroids
Describe 3 differences between DNA and RNA
Single vs. double strand
sugar backbone
Thymine vs. uracil
Only nuclear vs can leave the nucleus
The side chain is a chemical structure on the amino acid that has different characteristics that are important for dictating how a protein folds.
There are 20 amino acids
Of the 3 animal cell tight junctions discussed, which junction acts as an opening from cell to cell?
Gap Junction
What polysaccharide makes up the plant cell wall?
Cellulose
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats? What is the difference between monounsaturated and polyunsaturated?
Polyunsaturated fats have multiple double bonds, mono has only one.
What does ATP stand for? What is its function? How does it elicit this function?
Adenosine Tri-Phosphate
It is used for energy
It creates energy through the breakage of the bonds between the phosphate groups
What are the 5 groups of amino acids? (Think of the chemical characteristics of the amino acid side chains)
Non-polar (aliphatic)
Polar
Negatively charged
Positively charged
Non-polar (aromatic)
What is a prokaryotic cell wall made up of? What are its basic components?
Peptidoglycan, which is made up of amino acids and monosaccharides
Are the carbohydrates Starch and Glycogen mono or polysaccharide molecules? What is their main role?
Describe the key structural make up of a steroid. Is it polar/non-polar, hydrophilic/hydrophobic?
steroids have 4 aromatic carbon rings. They are non-polar and hydrophobic
Describe the difference in the function/role of DNA vs RNA.
DNA is the genetic material that stores all the necessary information for a cell to live. It remains stored in the nucleus.
RNA is the genetic material that carries parts of the DNA genetic message out of the nucleus, to the cytoplasm to be TRANSLATED into protein, and elicit downstream functional changes in the cell.
What are the 4 conformational stages of a protein? Briefly describe each.
Primary- polypeptide chain, linear in form
Secondary- alpha helixes and beta pleaded sheets
Tertiary- fully folded structure of a single protein
Quaternary- fully folded structure of multiple proteins together (Hemoglobin)
What organelle would be referred to as the “packaging center”? It is highly important for adding post-translational modifications to proteins and lipids.
Golgi Apparatus