CNS and ANS
What does ANS mean
automatic
What is erythropoietin, and what does it do?
a hormone produced primarily by the kidneys that regulates the production of red blood cells (erythropoiesis) in the bone marrow
What is necrosis?
messy cell death, where the contents go everywhere
What tissue is found in the conducting zone
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
reabsorption
What is pre and post ganglionic, and is the CNS pre or post-ganglionic
Pre-ganglionic: originate in the central nervous system (brain/spinal cord) and synapse onto postganglionic neurons within autonomic ganglia. Postganglionic neurons reside in these ganglia and extend axons to target organs.
-pre-ganglionic
What does it mean if someone cannot form thick tunica media?
they cannot withstand high blood pressure, and this will lead to low BP
What is the relationship between cardiac rate and cardiac output
directly proportional
What does type II alveolar cell do?
it secretes surfactant to reduces surface tension to prevent alveolar collapse at the end of expiration. It reduces surface tension in the alveoli
What are the capillary beds for?
exchange
endothelial and immune NOS
-endothelial lining in the blood
-immune system
What are the stages of erythropoeis? (keep it super simple)
hemocytoblast as the progenitor cell (not stem cell)→differentiation process→RBCs
What is the protein released into the bloodstream that suggest cardiac heart muscle damage?
Troponin, it also helps to determine the type of heart attack
Is the atmospheric pressure higher or lower during the transition to step 2 of breathing?
Atmospheric Pressure is higher and Intrapulmonary Pressure is lower
What destroys the kidneys?
high BP
What is needed to facilitate the binding of oxidase and reductase to calmodulin?
calcium
Lub-dub-hiss vs lub-hiss-dub. This signifies a problem with what valve
1. Semilunar Valve
2. AV Valve depending on location
What controls blood osmolality and blood volume and how?
ADH. The posterior pituitary will increase presence of ADH to cause water retention in kidneys. this leads to increased blood volume
Where are the Cl- channels in the mucociliary escalator found?
on the apical (luminal) membrane of epithelial cells lining the respiratory tract
What are all the transports used in the nephron?
Secondary active, primary active, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion
What is nNOS used for? When you figure out what it does, how does that work?
to make NO in the nervous system
NO is a retrograde messenger that will increase sodium and glutamate exocytosis, leading to LTP
What is systole and diastole
Systole: the amount of pressure after ventricular contraction needed to get blood where it needs to go and have enough power to get back to the heart
Diastole: ventricular relaxation
What is the purpose of renin-aldosterone-angiotensin system (RAAS), and what is its mechanism?
amplification and checkpoints
it cuts angiotensin to A1 which is converted by ACE to A2. A2 acts as a signaling molecule for the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone to increase sodium and water retention. This increases BV
it also signals for constriction of arterioles which leads to higher BP
How do we "get more O2" when we breathe into a paper bag during hyperventilation? First explain what hyperventilation is and then answer
Hyperventilation: too much CO2 output and too much O2 intake
breathing into a paper bag helps to reintroduce CO2 and correct the chemical imbalance in the blood
What is the point of primary active transport in the ascending limb of the nephron loop?
it drives the reabsorption of solutes to the renal medulla. It helps to establish the gradient to pull water out of the descending limb. Since the ascending limb is impermeable to water, pumping out solutes makes the urine less concentrated and the medulla highly concentrated