Plasma Membrane
What is the process of moving substances across the cell membrane against the concentration gradient called and what does is require?
Active transport and ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
What are the two stages of protein synthesis?
What is the function of epithelial tissues?
Hint: 3 main things
Cover exterior (sometimes interior) surfaces of the body, line internal cavities and passageways, and form certain glands
what are chondrocytes and lacunae?
chondrocytes- cartilage cells
Lacunae- the space which cartilage cells occupt
Define genome and gene
genome: organism's complete set of DNA
gene: portion of DNA containing a code for a specific protein
What is an isotonic solution and what does it do to the cell?
A solution where the osmotic pressure is the same inside and outside the cell, so cells maintain their normal shape/function
What is the major differences between Smooth and Rough ER?
Smooth ER- synthesizes phospholipids and steroid hormones, and stores/regulates Ca2+ concentration
Rough ER- contains many ribosomes (giving rough appearance) and synthesizes proteins for extracellular use
Microvilli- minute, finger-like projections specialized for absorptive functions
cilia- motile structures that project from epithelial surface, move microbes/debris up and out of airways and other areas
collagen fibers- good for tensile strength/resisting stretching
elastic fibers- can be stretched but still return/recoil to original shape
reticular fibers- support through a delicate network of thin fibers
What are the 2 layers of the basement membrane?
basal lamina (provides site of attachment for epithelium) and reticular lamina (secreted by underlying connective tissue)
What is a hypertonic solution and what does it do to the cell?
A solution with a higher osmotic pressure compared to the inside of a cell. Water molecules will diffuse out of the solution and cells will shrivel
What organelle is known for converting nutrient molecules into adenosine triphosphate?
EC: why is the inner membrane of this organelle highly folded?
The mitochondria :) whose ATP helps with sustain muscle contraction, run sodium-potassium pumps, and provides usable cellular energy
Highly folded cristae increases surface area!
What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?
endocrine glands- DUCTLESS glands that release secretions DIRECTLY into surrounding tissues and fluids
exocrine glands- secretions leave through a DUCT that opens directly/indirectly to external environment (sweat, mucous, saliva, breast milk)
Name 3 important connective tissue cells and what they do
plasma cells- produce antibodies and help develop immunity
mast cells- contain heparin (weak anticoagulant) and histamine (increases vascular permeability)
adipocytes- specialize in storing energy as fat
the suffix chondro refers to?
chondro = cartilage!
What is a hypotonic solution and what does it do to the cell?
EC: what is the result called?
A solution with a lower osmotic pressure compared to inside the cell. Cells take in water and swell, with risk of bursting
hemolysis
What substance, which is composed of DNA and associative proteins, is found in threads within nuclei?
Chromatin threads
what is the endothelium and what does it do?
The endothelium refers to the layer of simple squamous epithelial tissue that lines the vessels of lymphatic and entire cardiovascular system
hyaline (most common, good with reducing friction)- found in ribcage, nose, and covers bones where they meet to form moveable joints, also makes up embryonic skeleton
fibrocartilage (tough/very strong) - menisci in knee, intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis
elastic (gives rigid support & elasticity)- external ear
Name some characteristics of the epidermis
- composed of keratinized stratifies squamous epithelium
- avascular
- made of 4 to 5 layers (depending where its found)
-classified as thick or thin skin
What do phagocytic cells (cells partaking in phagocytosis) do?
Phagocytic cells patrol body tissues for unwanted matter, such as invading bacterial cells), phagocytize/eat them, and digest them
Usually for large particles
What is a codon and an anticodon?
Codon- 3 nucleotide base sequence of messenger RNA (mRNA)
Anticodon- a base sequence on one end of a transfer RNA (tRNA) that compliments/matches the codon and specifies the particular amino acid being synthesized
what are the functions of tight junctions, gap junctions, and desosomes?
tight (where integral proteins of adjacent cells fuse/form impermeable membrane encircling cell)- helps prevent moles from passing in the extracellular space between cells
gap (intercellular passageway)- facilitates the movement of small molecules/ions between cytoplasm of adjacent cells
desosomes (intermediate filaments extend from plaque across cells to attach on other side)- serves as anchoring junctions/holds cells in place
What are GAGs and what are there characteristics?
glycosaminoglycans = large molecules found in ground substance of CT
are highly negatively charged which = absorbs/attracts water, strongly hydrophilic which = formation of hydrated gel good at resisting compressive forces
What is osmotic pressure and what is is directly dependent on?
Osmotic pressure is pressure with which a solution draws water into it
Depends directly on the number of particles dissolved