Sitting
The BIGGEST challenge when learning to sit is:
A. Switching from a “tripod” sit style to a “w” sit style
B. Fighting gravity to hold their big heads up
C. Learning to sit on different surfaces and slopes
B. Fighting gravity to hold their big heads up
In everyday life, infants:
A. Typically walk in straight lines
B. Rarely walk backwards or side-to-side
C. Typically walk in curvy, twisty paths
D. All of the above
C. Curvy twisty paths!
Motor skills are delayed among infants later diagnosed with autism.
True
Actions that are associated with objects, but are not easily perceived, are called:
A. Implicit affordances
B. Hidden affordances
C. Secret affordances
D. Designed actions
B. Hidden affordances
If an infant doesn’t start crawling by 11 months, there is cause for parents and pediatricians to be concerned.
False!
When infants learn to sit, they are able to easily hold and manipulate objects easier than before. Their interactions with toys help them learn about object properties. This exemplifies the concept of:
A. Context
B. Culture
C. Cascades
C. Cascades
When they fall, infants typically:
A. Cry and seek comfort from caregivers
B. Reach out their hands and brace themselves
C. Avoid the object/place that caused their fall
B. Reach out their hands and brace themselves
After learning to walk, autistic infants_________.
A. Gesture more frequently
B. Gesture less frequently
C. Show no changes in their gesture production
C. Show no changes in their gesture production
Toy manufacturers based their age recommendations based on data about infants’ fine motor abilities.
False!
In the Netflix Babies episode, we saw Dr. Karen Adolph test whether crawling infants could accurately determine which slopes were safe vs. risky to descend. She found that new crawlers and expert crawlers were equally accurate at judging which slopes were safe to descend.
False! The expert crawlers were WAY better than the novice crawlers.
Infants sway significantly when they begin to sit. Adults do not sway when they sit.
False!
SEVERE falls (i.e., falls that require a doctor’s visit) are common in infancy.
False, SEVERE falls are rare.
Infants fall a LOT--but the vast, vast majority are minor.
In class we learned about an early intervention program in which researchers improved the motor skills of infants with Down Syndrome. The intervention involved:
A. Swimming lessons
B. Training using a ceiling-mounted harness
C. Training using a treadmill
C. Training using a treadmill
Infants learn the designed actions of everyday objects in 4 phases. In what ORDER do these phases occur?
-Understanding the object’s function
-Implementing the designed action
-Exploration
-Understanding the designed action
1. Exploration.
2. Undertand object function.
3. Understand designed action.
4. Implement the designed action.
Infant growth occurs linearly: it increases bit-by-bit every single day
False! It takes a stair-case like pattern
In the “moving room” study, researchers moved the walls and ceiling, but the floor stayed still. Newly sitting infants:
A. Were able to maintain their sitting posture, suggesting that they can adapt to many different environments.
B. Fell over, suggesting that sitting involves processes sensory information (e.g., what they see), not just muscle strength alone.
B. Fell over, suggesting that sitting involves processes sensory information (e.g., what they see), not just muscle strength alone.
On average, it takes about ______ for infants to get back to play after falling.
A. 1-2 seconds
B. 5-10 seconds
C. 1 minute
D. 3 minutes
A. Just 1-2 seconds!
Name a PRACTICAL CHALLENGE researchers face when studying autism in infants under age 2.
Autism is diagnosed on average ~4 years old.
A child is trying to open a water bottle. She repeatedly twists the cap right and left, but never twists the cap all the way to the left. Which phase is this child in?
A. Exploration
B. Understanding the object’s function
C. Understanding the designed action
D. Implements the designed action
C. Understanding the designed action
If researchers fail to measure a behavior frequently enough to accurately capture developmental change, they commit:
A. Sampling interval error
B. Chronological interval error
C. Type 1 error
D. Age error
A. Sampling interval error
Infants need to develop these three muscle groups when learning to sit. In what ORDER do they develop adequate strength?
-the abdominal muscles (to maintain upright posture)
-the neck muscles (to lift the head)
-the hip flexors (to shift weight)
2. Abs
3. Hips
Describe how psychologists TRADITIONALLY measured infants’ walking skills.
Researchers have infants walk in straight lines on runway. Measure the width/length of footfalls.
Dr. Ulrich found that infants with Down Syndrome who completed an intervention achieved THREE motor skills earlier than infants who did not complete the intervention.
Name those 3 skills:
Standing unsupported
Walking with support
Walking unsupported
Name TWO ways in which parents can help infants to learn the designed actions of everyday objects?
Allow child to explore object
Verbal encouragementDemonstrate the action
Partially perform action, allow child to complete
On one occasion, an infant walks across the room to reach a favorite toy. On another occasion, the same infant decides to locomote by scooching from a sitting position—rather than walking—to get to a nearby toy. This infants’ decisions BEST demonstrate the concept of:
A. Cascades
B. Soft assembly
C. Universality
D. Culture
B. Soft assembly