Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight --> 6 (C6H2O6) + 6 O2
Where do transcription and translation occur?
transcription- nucleus
translation- cytosol
What enzyme removes primers and replaces them with the appropriate DNA nucleotides? What enzyme glues all the DNA fragments together?
DNA pol I
Ligase
How does the cell recognize the mistake in the strand?
The polymerase detects the mispaired by recognizing a "bump" in the DNA (base pairs could not form the hydrogen bonds correctly)
nucleic acid that has only 1 OH on its sugar and only have base pairs of A, T, G, and C
DNA
Products and reactants of EACH reaction in photosynthesis
Light-dependent reaction (reactants: H2O + sunlight; products: ATP and NADPH)
Light-independent reaction (reactants: CO2 + ATP + NADPH; products: G3P (glucose and other organic compounds))
tRNA contains a(n) __________________ that is complementary to the codon on mRNA
anticodon
Why does DNA pol III need a primer to add nucleotides on the lagging strand?
Two types of point mutations
Synonymous mutations ("Best one")
Non-synonymous mutations (cause more problems)
Gel Electrophoresis separates DNA based on what?
its size
- larger DNA travels slower vice versa
Why do plants appear green?
How does the pre-mRNA leave the nucleus and be recognized by the ribosomal subunits? (Hint: 3 things must happen)
RNA processing
- 5' cap
- 3' poly-A-tail
- splicing
DAILY DOUBLE!!
Why does the origin of DNA replication consist of an A-T rich region?
A-T pairing has only 2 Hydrogen bonds between them, which is easier to break by the helicase
What kind of mutation is more likely to result in a nonfunctional protein, frameshift or point mutation?
Frameshift mutation- insertion and deletion of nucleotide(s) can alter the sequence of bases and can change amino acid sequence
Point mutation can be a silent mutation, which can maintain the amino acid sequence
(True/False)
The complementary mRNA strand of 5' ATGCAGTTAGCTAGCATTGGCTCAGCTAGAATCGA 3' is
5' UACGUCAAUCGAUCGUAACCGUGUCGAUCUUAGCU 3'
False
should be
3' UACGUCAAUCGAUCGUAACCGAGUCGAUCUUAGCU 5'
What does the cyclic electron flow in the chloroplast produce?
ATP and NADPH
What direction is the template read?
transcription (3'--> 5')
translation (5'--> 3')
What happened if topoisomerase is mutated?
It will interfere with DNA replication by causing DNA damage due to supercoiling
What are the 5 types of DNA damage? (list 3)
1. Single-stranded break in the backbone
2. Cross-linked bases
3. Missing base
4. Molecules attach to or mimicking bases
5. ????????
DAILY DOUBLE!!!
Write one (out of 3 steps) required for PCR and explain what happened during that step
Denaturation- heat is used to separate the strand
Annealing- sample is cooled for primers to bind
Extension- DNA pol adds nucleotides
Write some factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis
Temperature, light intensity, availability of water, ...
What happened when both strands of DNA are transcribed during a transcription?
RNA strands will be complementary to each other and form a double-stranded RNA which cannot be translated later
Write 3 differences between transcription and DNA replication
DNA rep
- origin of replication
- enzymes involved (DNA pol I, III, helicase, ligase, topoisomerase, primase)
- synthesizing a long copy of DNA
- during S phase of the cell cycle
Transcription
- promoter (TATA box)
- transcription factors are required
- RNA pol II
- synthesize a short mRNA copy
- mRNA processing
What disease causes by the interstrand cross-links?
Fanconi amenia
peptide bonds